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1 | |
Shaw and McKay's Social disorganization theory asserts that the area of a city with the highest rates of delinquency is characterized as |
| | A) | the central business district |
| | B) | the area where factories and commercial establishments exist along with private residences |
| | C) | the area of working people's homes |
| | D) | the suburbs around the city |
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2 | |
According to Merton, an example of innovation would be |
| | A) | drug addiction |
| | B) | gang membership |
| | C) | joining a cult |
| | D) | burglary and auto theft |
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3 | |
People who have lower aspirations for financial success, but still accept that an education and a good education would lead to financial success are characterized by Merton as |
| | A) | conformists |
| | B) | ritualists |
| | C) | retreatists |
| | D) | innovators |
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4 | |
Subculture theory argues that |
| | A) | delinquency is the product of the strain caused by the inability of the lower classes to reach middle class status |
| | B) | delinquent youths hold values, norms, and beliefs in opposition to those held in the dominant culture, therefore, youths who behave in a manner consistent with their subculture will often be in conflict with the law |
| | C) | lower-class students fail at school because they are measured by middle-class measuring rods |
| | D) | delinquency is the result of the strain experienced by someone caught between the legitimate opportunity structure and the illegitimate opportunity structure |
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5 | |
According to Albert K. Cohen, status frustration is |
| | A) | the result of a person's inability to obtain the goal of middle-class status |
| | B) | the result of not measuring up to middle-class measuring rods |
| | C) | a conflict that arises when the public's expectation of someone's role is different from the actual role that must be performed |
| | D) | one step in the process of learning criminal behavior |
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6 | |
Cloward and Ohlin's Differential Opportunity Theory asserts that |
| | A) | illegal opportunities are stratified unequally, just like conventional opportunities |
| | B) | not everyone has access to the illegitimate opportunity structure |
| | C) | the illegitimate opportunity structure includes criminal mentors who lead youths to become criminals |
| | D) | all of the above |
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7 | |
According to Cloward and Ohlin, gangs that develop in areas in which there are no adult criminal role models are known as |
| | A) | criminal gangs |
| | B) | conflict gangs |
| | C) | retreatist gangs |
| | D) | neotraditional gangs |
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8 | |
According to Walker B. Miller's Lower-Class Focal Concerns Theory, the qualities valued by the lower class which encourage delinquency include |
| | A) | assertiveness, innovation, and ambition |
| | B) | courtesy, deferred gratification, and constructive use of time |
| | C) | respect for property, mentorship, and street smarts |
| | D) | toughness, smartness, and autonomy |
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9 | |
Social process theories argue that |
| | A) | individuals who associate with delinquent peers are at significant risk of committing acts of delinquency themselves |
| | B) | individuals who have been raised in a dysfunctional family are at greater risk for delinquency |
| | C) | individuals who drop out of school are at risk for delinquency |
| | D) | all of the above |
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10 | |
An example of positive reinforcement is |
| | A) | a young man breaks into a house and steals a VCR and gets cheered by his friends |
| | B) | a girl is punished for skipping school |
| | C) | a teenage boy steals a woman's purse, but it turns out to have nothing in it but a hairbrush and lipstick |
| | D) | a juvenile steals a car, is taken into custody by police, and placed on probation |
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11 | |
Which of the following is an example of denial of responsibility, according to Sykes and Matza's drift theory? |
| | A) | "Nobody got hurt." |
| | B) | "The insurance will pay for it." |
| | C) | "I didn't mean to do it." |
| | D) | "Why is everybody picking on me?" |
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12 | |
According to Sykes and Matza's drift theory |
| | A) | most delinquents hold conventional values, norms, and beliefs |
| | B) | delinquents must learn to neutralize their values before committing delinquent acts |
| | C) | delinquents use neutralization techniques to shield themselves from any sense of guilt over their behavior |
| | D) | all of the above |
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13 | |
Social control theory focuses on the question of |
| | A) | why delinquency rates are highest in interstitial areas |
| | B) | why don't juveniles commit delinquent acts? |
| | C) | why youths join retreatist gangs as opposed to criminal gangs |
| | D) | why society produces strain between the classes |
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14 | |
Travis Hirschi argued that people do not commit delinquent acts because they are bonded to the larger society through |
| | A) | attachment to parents |
| | B) | holding a good job |
| | C) | belief in the moral legitimacy of the law |
| | D) | all of the above |
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15 | |
Harold Garfinkel referred to the process of labeling a delinquent as a |
| | A) | status degradation ceremony |
| | B) | primary deviance |
| | C) | secondary deviance |
| | D) | labeling occurrence |
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education