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| 1 | According to the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the Precautionary Principle requires that we act to prevent serious or irreversible damage: |
 | A) | even with no scientific evidence that harm can or will happen. |
| B) | only when the scientific evidence of future harm is clear and incontrovertible. |
| C) | even when we lack full scientific certainty. |
| D) | only when the benefits are minor. |
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| 2 | According to the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, precautions taken under the Precautionary Principle: |
| A) | should be cost-effective. |
| B) | should be cost-free. |
| C) | should be taken without regard to cost. |
| D) | should be taken only if they lack side-effects. |
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| 3 | “Sustainability” refers to: |
| A) | Continuing current levels of resource use. |
| B) | Continuing to meet human needs. |
| C) | Keeping the debate over environmental protection going. |
| D) | Continuing current growth in population and resource use. |
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| 4 | What set sustainability firmly on the global agenda and made it an essential part of efforts to deal with global environmental issues and promote equitable economic development? |
| A) | The Brundtland report. |
| B) | The Payne-Davidson Compromise. |
| C) | The Montreal Protocol |
| D) | The 1992 Rio Conference on Environment and Development. |
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| 5 | According to David C. Holzman, examples of ecosystem services include: |
| A) | Clean water |
| B) | Fertile soil |
| C) | Flood protection |
| D) | Reduction of disease spread |
| E) | All the above |
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| 6 | According to David C. Holzman, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment found that _______ percent of 24 ecosystem services were being degraded or used unsustainably: |
| A) | 60 |
| B) | 40 |
| C) | 25 |
| D) | 75 |
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| 7 | According to Mike McKee, ________ of the land in Uintah County,
Utah, is privately owned. |
| A) | 15 percent |
| B) | 50 percent |
| C) | 75 percent |
| D) | 95 percent |
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| 8 | According to Mike McKee, the BLM's Wild Lands policy will make Uintah County's public lands: |
| A) | available in the predictable future for multiple use |
| B) | off limits in the predictable future for fossil fuel production |
| C) | off limits in the predictable future for recreational uses |
| D) | into inaccessible wilderness areas |
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| 9 | According to Brandon M. Middleton, under the Endangered Species
Act critical habitat designations are driven by: |
| A) | politics |
| B) | economics |
| C) | science |
| D) | Litigation and courts |
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| 10 | According to Brandon M. Middleton, meaningful species recovery and environmental progress are impeded by: |
| A) | insufficient funding for research into endangered species and their habitats |
| B) | easy access of citizen plaintiffs to the courts |
| C) | activist judges who favor business interests |
| D) | a Congress dominated by anti-science Republicans |
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| 11 | According to Jessica Tsai, an enterprise-wide sustainability process is more likely to be found in businesses of which of the following industries? |
| A) | those where the environment is part of the business model |
| B) | the financial industry |
| C) | resource-extraction industries |
| D) | the information-technology industry |
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| 12 | According to Jessica Tsai, among existing companies, green processes are usually: |
| A) | a primary concern |
| B) | a side-effect of making money or saving money |
| C) | an after-thought |
| D) | a response to government regulations |
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| 13 | According to M. Granger Morgan, Robert R. Nordhaus, and Paul Gottlieb, the technique of moderating global warming by reflecting a portion of incoming solar radiation that seems most affordable and capable of rapid implementation is: |
| A) | putting millions of reflective spacecraft into orbit |
| B) | triggering volcanic eruptions to add sulfates to the atmosphere |
| C) | injecting small reflective particles into the stratosphere |
| D) | reducing emissions of “black carbon” or soot |
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| 14 | According to M. Granger Morgan, Robert R. Nordhaus, and Paul Gottlieb, one particularly strong inducement to undertake solar radiation management or geoengineering is: |
| A) | rising sea levels induced by global warming |
| B) | changes in precipitation patterns induced by climate change |
| C) | the possibility that it could be used to reduce rainfall over enemy nations |
| D) | cost |
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| 15 | According to Mark J. Perry, America is producing more oil today than in years. This is largely because of: |
| A) | federal policies left over from the Bush Administration |
| B) | federal policies initiated by the Obama Administration |
| C) | the wisdom of the private-sector marketplace |
| D) | technology advances |
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| 16 | According to Mark J. Perry, the Obama Administration proposes to repeal subsidies (including tax breaks) given to: |
| A) | the solar energy industry |
| B) | the wind energy industry |
| C) | the oil and natural gas industries |
| D) | the offshore oil drilling industry |
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| 17 | According to Diane Katz, shale gas offers all of the following except: |
| A) | reduced dependence on foreign oil |
| B) | improved water quality |
| C) | increased supply of natural gas |
| D) | reduced greenhouse gas emissions |
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| 18 | According to Diane Katz, the advantages of natural gas include: |
| A) | distribution networks already exist |
| B) | it is continuously available, unlike wind and solar power |
| C) | it emits half as much carbon dioxide as coal |
| D) | all the above |
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| 19 | According to Andrea Larson, synonyms for "green technology" include all of the following except: |
| A) | renewable energy technologies |
| B) | sustainability |
| C) | clean commerce |
| D) | cleantech |
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| 20 | According to Andrea Larson, in 2009 the United States set a goal for renewable energy. This goal was: |
| A) | 10 percent |
| B) | 25 percent |
| C) | 50 percent |
| D) | 75 percent |
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| 21 | According to Keith Kline, et al., increased food prices in 2007 and early 2008 were chiefly due to: |
| A) | increased demand in emerging economies |
| B) | higher energy prices |
| C) | drought in food-exporting countries |
| D) | increased biofuels production |
| E) | all the above |
| F) | all but e |
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| 22 | According to Keith Kline, et al., the amount of suitably productive land available for multiple uses, including biofuels production, is: |
| A) | not nearly enough to meet demands for both food and fuel |
| B) | sufficient to meet demands for either food or fuel but not both |
| C) | sufficient |
| D) | highly responsive to market prices |
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| 23 | According to Steve Blankenship, the largest source of renewable energy in the world is: |
| A) | solar power |
| B) | hydropower |
| C) | wind power |
| D) | geothermal power |
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| 24 | According to Steve Blankenship, hydropower development today is driven by unprecedented demand for renewable energy and ______________: |
| A) | decreased regulation |
| B) | greatly improved technology |
| C) | rising fossil fuel costs |
| D) | increasing availability due to global warming |
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| 25 | According to Sir David Attenborough, the one causative element shared by global warming, biodiversity loss, ocean acidification, air pollution, and other environmental problems is: |
| A) | human population size |
| B) | fossil fuel use |
| C) | industrialization |
| D) | the economy of growth |
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| 26 | According to Sir David Attenborough, we face in the not too distant future a "perfect storm" of: |
| A) | population growth |
| B) | peak oil production |
| C) | climate change |
| D) | all the above |
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| 27 | According to Carl Safina, there is "a fund of knowledge and conceptual tools that could be applied" and the United States government's fisheries management can best be described as NOT: |
| A) | very effective |
| B) | primitive |
| C) | often ineffectual |
| D) | simplistic |
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| 28 | According to Carl Safina, most fisheries management efforts today are based on: |
| A) | closed seasons |
| B) | catch quotas |
| C) | marine reserves |
| D) | size restrictions |
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| 29 | According to N. V. Fedoroff, et al., there is a critical need to get beyond popular biases against the use of agricultural biotechnology and develop forward-looking regulatory frameworks based on: |
| A) | popular perceptions of risk |
| B) | the desperate need for improved food security |
| C) | scientific evidence of risk |
| D) | international priorities |
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| 30 | According to N. V. Fedoroff, et al., genetically modified (GM) crops have excellent safety and efficacy records. In response, regulatory policies: |
| A) | now actively encourage the use of GM crops |
| B) | now have little to say about whether farmers can or should use GM crops |
| C) | have yet to take coherent form |
| D) | are almost as restrictive as ever |
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| 31 | According to Jim Thomas, Eric Hoffman, and Jaydee Hanson, the risks of synthetic biology include: |
| A) | destroying ecosystems |
| B) | threatening human health |
| C) | unsustainably increasing the pressure of human activities on land and marine ecologies |
| D) | all the above |
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| 32 | According to Jim Thomas, Eric Hoffman, and Jaydee Hanson, pursuing the promise of synthetic biology for creating biofuels could threaten all of the following except: |
| A) | the oil industry |
| B) | efforts to conserve biological diversity |
| C) | efforts to ensure food security |
| D) | efforts to prevent dangerous climate change |
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| 33 | According to Ted Schettler, an endocrine disruptor is a substance that: |
| A) | causes developmental and reproductive abnormalities in humans and animals |
| B) | causes cancer |
| C) | interferes with the body's key signaling pathways. |
| D) | affects brain development. |
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| 34 | According to Ted Schettler, because of growing concern about endocrine disrupting chemicals, Congress in 1996 directed the Environmental Protection Agency: |
| A) | to develop ways to tell whether chemicals are endocrine disruptors |
| B) | to eliminate the release of endocrine-disrupting chemicals to the environment |
| C) | to eliminate human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals |
| D) | to develop a list of dangerous chemicals |
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| 35 | According to Walter Bradley, the Superfund program was created to deal specifically with: |
| A) | the problem of cleaning up toxic waste sites |
| B) | the problem of preventing agricultural pollution |
| C) | the problem of preventing toxic waste sites |
| D) | the problem of ground water pollution |
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| 36 | According to Walter Bradley, Superfund legislation (CERCLA and EPCRA) provides exemptions for: |
| A) | the fossil-fuel industry |
| B) | animal operations such as dairy farms |
| C) | municipal waste |
| D) | organic farms |
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| 37 | According to Kate J. Dennis, Jason Rugolo, Lee T. Murray, and Justin Parrella, the United States should reconsider nuclear fuel reprocessing in order to obtain: |
| A) | conservation of uranium resources |
| B) | reduced environmental impact of uranium mining |
| C) | lower nuclear waste quantity |
| D) | all the above |
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| 38 | According to Kate J. Dennis, Jason Rugolo, Lee T. Murray, and Justin Parrella, the nuclear waste that remains after reprocessing is: |
| A) | greater in volume |
| B) | less radioactive |
| C) | half as expensive to store safely |
| D) | three times as toxic |