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| 1 | George M. Fredrickson, who argues that Radical Reconstruction failed as a result of racism, focuses his attention on white commitments, North and South, to: |
 | A) | provide full equality for former slaves |
| B) | support the doctrine of white supremacy |
| C) | the Ku Klux Klan |
| D) | the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments |
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| 2 | Heather Cox Richardson, who does not believe that Reconstruction failed as a result of racism, argues instead that Reconstruction ideals fell victim to: |
| A) | the real limitations of African Americans to contribute to the national economy. |
| B) | the violence of the Ku Klux Klan. |
| C) | the lack of commitment by the national government to voting rights for blacks. |
| D) | a national commitment to the free-labor ideology that prevented the central government from legislating rights for African Americans that other citizens had acquired through hard work |
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| 3 | Ronald Eller, who agrees that a “New South” did emerge in the wake of Reconstruction, concludes that the most successful Appalachian speculators were able to attract the interest of |
| A) | coal mine operators. |
| B) | lumber magnates. |
| C) | steelmakers. |
| D) | railroad men. |
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| 4 | James Moore Tice, who does not believe that a “New South” emerged after Reconstruction, insists that |
| A) | the Republican Party continued to dominate the state governments of the South even after Reconstruction. |
| B) | former Whigs controlled most of the southern state governments. |
| C) | the “Redeemers” abandoned their antebellum rural traditions. |
| D) | after Reconstruction, agriculturally-oriented elites dominated the governments of the New South just as they had in the antebellum period. |
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| 5 | According to Professor Howard Zinn, the late nineteenth century men of big business were: |
| A) | “robber barons.” |
| B) | entrepreneurial statesmen. |
| C) | organizational geniuses. |
| D) | crisis managers. |
| E) | both b and c. |
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| 6 | According to business writer John Steele Gordon, the late nineteenth century men of big business were: |
| A) | “robber barons.” |
| B) | entrepreneurial statesmen. |
| C) | organizational geniuses. |
| D) | crisis managers. |
| E) | both b and c. |
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| 7 | Timothy Messer-Kruse, who believes anarchists were responsible for the Haymarket riot, concludes that |
| A) | police used excessive force to break up the workers’ meeting at Haymarket Square. |
| B) | the bomb-throwing incident was the culmination of a revolutionary conspiracy on the part of an entire generation of radicals. |
| C) | anarchists believed violent confrontation was the only way to secure an eight-hour workday. |
| D) | there was insufficient evidence to convict the defendants. |
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| 8 | According to Bruce Nelson, who does not believe anarchists were responsible for the Haymarket riot, the episode was a product of |
| A) | intense police repression. |
| B) | warring factions in Chicago’s labor movement. |
| C) | anti-labor attitudes on the part of the local press. |
| D) | All of the above |
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| 9 | According to Oscar Handlin, who believes that nineteenth-century immigrants to the United States were “uprooted” from their Old World cultures, life in the United States: |
| A) | was exactly what the immigrants had anticipated when they left their homelands. |
| B) | created as much alienation for the immigrants as their native land. |
| C) | prevented immigrants from quickly assimilating to American mores. |
| D) | was so hostile that immigrants quickly returned to their
homelands. |
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| 10 | According to Mark Wyman, who does not believe that late-nineteenth-century immigrants were “uprooted” from their Old World cultures, a majority of these immigrants: |
| A) | quickly forgot their Old World customs. |
| B) | rapidly embraced their adopted country. |
| C) | quickly learned to speak and write English. |
| D) | fully expected to return home after acquiring wealth in the
United States. |
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| 11 | According to Donald Spivey, who believes that Booker T. Washington betrayed the interests of African Americans, Washington: |
| A) | approved of Jim Crow laws. |
| B) | supported a Back-To-Africa movement. |
| C) | opposed educating African Americans after the Civil War. |
| D) | failed to provide adequate educational training for African
Americans. |
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| 12 | According to Robert Norrell, who does not think that Booker T. Washington was a traitor to his people, Washington was: |
| A) | a supporter of lynching of African Americans. |
| B) | an accommodationist. |
| C) | an opponent of racial progress. |
| D) | all of the above |
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| 13 | According to Richard M. Abrams, who believes that the Progressives failed, the movement drew its strength from: |
| A) | big business. |
| B) | farmers. |
| C) | well-established middle-class reformers. |
| D) | military leaders. |
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| 14 | According to Arthur S. Link and Richard L. McCormick, who do not believe that the Progressives failed, the biggest mass-based reform era in American history was: |
| A) | Jacksonian democracy. |
| B) | Populism. |
| C) | progressivism. |
| D) | the New Deal. |
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| 15 | Before he became president, Woodrow Wilson spent most of his life as a |
| A) | lawyer. |
| B) | politician. |
| C) | teacher. |
| D) | businessman. |
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| 16 | Before he became President, Wilson had been |
| A) | president of Princeton University. |
| B) | Governor of Virginia. |
| C) | Governor of New Jersey. |
| D) | both a and b. |
| E) | both a and c. |
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| 17 | According to Shawn Lay, who views the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s as a mainstream organization, the Klan’s social agenda |
| A) | focused primarily on maintaining white supremacy. |
| B) | was grounded in traditional views shared by a majority of white Protestants. |
| C) | was a product of rural-urban conflict in the 1920s. |
| D) | All of the above |
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| 18 | According to Thomas Pegram, who does not believe that the Klan was a mainstream organization, the KKK in the 1920s |
| A) | never interacted with mainstream society. |
| B) | embraced the cultural changes associated with the 1920s. |
| C) | suffered in reputation from persistent acts of violence carried out by the organization. |
| D) | should be characterized as a proponent of culturally-based reform. |
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| 19 | According to Roger Biles, who contends that the New Deal was an effective answer to the Great Depression, the power of the national government during the New Deal: |
| A) | greatly increased. |
| B) | slightly increased. |
| C) | stayed the same. |
| D) | was used to socialize the economy. |
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| 20 | According to Biles, Franklin D. Roosevelt: |
| A) | intellectually understood Keynesian economics. |
| B) | deliberately tried to enact Keynesian unbalanced budgets to increase spending and promote recovery. |
| C) | resisted Keynesian formulas for pump priming the budget in order to bring about economic recovery. |
| D) | None of the above. |
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| 21 | After Pearl Harbor, according to Neil A. Wynn, who believes that World War II marked a watershed for the modern civil rights movement, |
| A) | most African Americans believed the ensuing conflict to be “a white man’s war.” |
| B) | African American leaders continued to demand changes to improve patterns of race relations in the United States. |
| C) | the NAACP encouraged African Americans to “close ranks” in support of U.S. foreign policy and to set aside their demands to end racial discrimination. |
| D) | most blacks refused to serve in the military until the policy of segregation was eliminated. |
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| 22 | After Pearl Harbor, according to Harvard Sitkoff, who does not believe that World War II marked a watershed for the modern civil rights movement, African Americans |
| A) | strongly supported the Allied war effort. |
| B) | remained just as vigorous in their demands for a desegregated military. |
| C) | sided covertly with the Japanese. |
| D) | denounced the “Double V” campaign. |
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| 23 | According to Walter LaFeber, who believes that President Truman was responsible for the Cold War, which of the following marks the point at which Truman used the fear of communism at home and abroad to convince Americans to pursue a Cold War foreign policy? |
| A) | The use of atomic bombs in Japan in 1945 |
| B) | The Truman Doctrine |
| C) | The Russian takeover in Czechoslovakia in 1948 |
| D) | The formation of NATO |
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| 24 | According to John Lewis Gaddis, who does not believe that President Truman was responsible for the Cold War, Joseph Stalin attempted to strengthen the security of his own regime by |
| A) | increasing safeguards against Western influences inside the Soviet Union. |
| B) | tightening control over Russia’s East European satellites. |
| C) | ensuring central direction of the international communist movement. |
| D) | All of the above |
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| 25 | According to Jody Pennington, rock and roll: |
| A) | shook up American parents and their traditional values. |
| B) | had roots that were conservative and commercial. |
| C) | never became part of mainstream popular music. |
| D) | was irrelevant to the feelings of teenagers. |
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| 26 | According to J. Ronald Oakley, rock and roll: |
| A) | shook up American values. |
| B) | had roots that were conservative and commercial. |
| C) | never became part of mainstream popular music. |
| D) | was irrelevant to the feelings of teenagers. |
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| 27 | The 1960 presidential campaign may have contributed to the Cuban Missile Crisis because: |
| A) | Candidate Kennedy criticized Eisenhower’s administration for allowing Castro to come to power. |
| B) | Candidate Kennedy complained that Cuba already had too many missiles that needed to be removed. |
| C) | Candidate Nixon accused Kennedy of being soft on communism and for being sympathetic to the new Castro regime in Cuba. |
| D) | Candidate Nixon threatened to use nuclear missiles against Cuba in order to remove Castro. |
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| 28 | Kennedy inherited from his predecessors President Eisenhower. |
| A) | No major foreign policy problems |
| B) | A potential showdown in Berlin with the Russians. |
| C) | Hostile relations in Cuba. |
| D) | Both b and c. |
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| 29 | According to Professor Murray reformers of the early 1960's believed that poverty was |
| A) | an individual's fault. |
| B) | no one's fault. |
| C) | structural. |
| D) | caused by a worldwide depression. |
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| 30 | According to Joseph A. Califano, Jr., who does not believe that the Great society failed, Lyndon Johnson felt that the greatest achievement of his presidency was the passage of the |
| A) | Job Corps Act. |
| B) | Elementary and Secondary Education Arts. |
| C) | Medicare and Medicaid Acts. |
| D) | Voting Rights Ace of 1965. |
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| 31 | After World War II, North Vietnam |
| A) | was controlled by the United States. |
| B) | was controlled by the Japanese. |
| C) | was engaged in a civil war against the control of the French. |
| D) | was engaged in a civil war against the control of Nationalist China. |
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| 32 | In 1954 at the Geneva Conference |
| A) | Vietnam was unified. |
| B) | Vietnam was partitioned with communist China controlling the North and France in control of the South. |
| C) | Vietnam was partitioned with communist China in control of the North and the United States in control of the South. |
| D) | Vietnam was partitioned with a communist government in the North under Ho Chih Minh and a non-communist government in the South with its capital in Saigon. |
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| 33 | According to F. Carolyn Graglia, who believes that the women's
liberation movement has been harmful to American women, women's place should be at: |
| A) | home. |
| B) | work. |
| C) | both home and work. |
| D) | child care centers. |
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| 34 | According to Gail Collins, who does not believe that the women's movement has failed to liberate American women, feminism |
| A) | has destroyed the traditional nuclear family structure. |
| B) | has benefitted women economically but not politically. |
| C) | has opened up opportunities for women that would have been inconceivable to earlier generations. |
| D) | totally remade the world to guarantee full equality for American women. |