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1 | | In the pelagic realm, most primary production occurs in the epipelagic neritic zone. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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2 | | Primary production is highest |
| | A) | Throughout the photic zone. |
| | B) | In the photic zone of neritic waters. |
| | C) | In the photic zone of oceanic waters. |
| | D) | Only at the air-water interface. |
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3 | | The planktonic animals that divers are likely to see are |
| | A) | Phytoplankton. |
| | B) | Megaplankton. |
| | C) | Macroplankton. |
| | D) | Meroplankton. |
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4 | | Picoplankton-sized primary producers in the epipelagic are dominated by prochlorophytes and cyanobacteria. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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5 | | Krill are not as numerous as copepods but are more likely to be eaten by large consumers such as birds, fishes, and whales. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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6 | | The smallest phytoplankton organisms are eaten by animals such as salps and larvaceans that use mucus to trap them. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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7 | | Nitrogen-fixing phytoplankton may be |
| | A) | Trichodesmium. |
| | B) | Diatoms. |
| | C) | Dinoflagellates. |
| | D) | Sargassum. |
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8 | | Many copepods feed by |
| | A) | filter-feeding. |
| | B) | Creating water currents that draw in cells. |
| | C) | Using their antennae to strain the water. |
| | D) | Hopping on top of their prey. |
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9 | | Members of the holoplankton spend part of their life cycle in the plankton and their adult lives on the sea floor. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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10 | | Protozoans such as foraminiferans are considered to be zooplankton because |
| | A) | They are eukaryotic. |
| | B) | They are multicellular. |
| | C) | They belong to the Kingdom Animalia. |
| | D) | They graze on other types of plankton. |
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11 | | Planktivorous nekton are the smaller species of fast-swimming animals. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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12 | | The zoea larva of a crab is planktonic, and is an example of |
| | A) | Meroplankton. |
| | B) | Holoplankton. |
| | C) | Picoplankton. |
| | D) | Phytoplankton. |
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13 | | Salps and larvaceans |
| | A) | Are chordates, like the tunicates. |
| | B) | Are gelatinous medusae. |
| | C) | Start life as bottom-dwelling larvae. |
| | D) | Use tentacles to catch prey. |
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14 | | To stay afloat, which of these means is not effective? |
| | A) | Flat shape |
| | B) | Storing oil |
| | C) | Using bubbles |
| | D) | Streamlining |
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15 | | Drag that slows sinking can be increased with spines and flat shapes. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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16 | | Vertically migrating zooplankton |
| | A) | Stop migrating if predators are not present. |
| | B) | Come to the surface by day. |
| | C) | Rarely live at more than 10 m. |
| | D) | Feed while at depth, not at the surface. |
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17 | | Lipids are a major form of energy storage material that adds buoyancy to epipelagic organisms such as copepods and diatoms. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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18 | | Many zooplankton animals such as jellyfish and salps are dark blue or green on top and white or silver on the bottom. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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19 | | Zooplankton are too small to be effective vertical migrators, since this behavior involves a long-distance swim each day. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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20 | | The growth of phytoplankton in many temperate waters is characterized by |
| | A) | An annual peak in the summer, when light is most optimal; and an annual low in the winter, when light, but not nutrients, is limiting. |
| | B) | An annual peak in the spring, when nutrients and light are both sufficient; and an annual low in the winter, when light, but not nutrients, is limiting. |
| | C) | An annual peak in the summer, when light is most optimal; and an annual low in the winter, when light and nutrients are limiting. |
| | D) | An annual peak in the spring, when nutrients and light are both sufficient; and an annual low in the winter, when light and nutrients are limiting. |
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21 | | Much of the DOM in the ocean comes from |
| | A) | Detritus. |
| | B) | Bacteria. |
| | C) | The activities of viruses. |
| | D) | Chlorophyll. |
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22 | | To keep tunas and other pelagic fishes on display, public aquarium use big circular tanks. This is because |
| | A) | Pelagic fishes usually swim in circles. |
| | B) | These fishes have no adaptations to avoid solid physical structures, such as walls. |
| | C) | The fishes prefer to swim away from viewers. |
| | D) | Circular tanks provide better hiding place than square ones. |
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23 | | To achieve neutral buoyancy, a shark uses its |
| | A) | Swim bladder. |
| | B) | Gas float. |
| | C) | Oily liver. |
| | D) | Exclusion of heavy ions. |
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24 | | The lateral line of fishes detects vibrations in the water. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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25 | | Red muscle in fishes is used for constant cruising, while white muscle is used for quick bursts of speed. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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26 | | The rete mirabile is an arrangement of blood vessels that greatly reduces heat loss. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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27 | | The fastest fishes have been clocked at speeds of 100 km/hour or more. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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28 | | Tunas have all of these features except |
| | A) | Stiff fins. |
| | B) | Many scales. |
| | C) | A high, narrow tail. |
| | D) | Finlets. |
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29 | | Most epipelagic food chains are fairly simple chains readily described as "phytoplankton to zooplankton to nekton." |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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30 | | One of the shortest known pelagic food chains involves |
| | A) | Viruses and phytoplankton. |
| | B) | Phytoplankton and carnivorous copepods. |
| | C) | Krill and whales. |
| | D) | Small fishes and tuna. |
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31 | | Marine snow refers to the large amount of DOM in the oceans. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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32 | | The major limiting nutrient in oceans overall is thought to be nitrogen. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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33 | | Because the tropics are much warmer and have more sunlight, tropical waters are typically much more productive than polar and temperate waters. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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34 | | Equatorial upwelling results from currents that converge at the Equator. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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35 | | Which of these does not apply to areas with upwelling? |
| | A) | The water is rich in nutrients. |
| | B) | The water is cold. |
| | C) | Upwelling occurs year-round. |
| | D) | Fishing is good. |
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36 | | A beneficial result of an El Ni–o Event is |
| | A) | An increase in upwelling in the southeastern Pacific. |
| | B) | Lessening of storms. |
| | C) | An increase in warm-water fishes. |
| | D) | A decrease in diseases such as malaria. |
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37 | | Harmful algal blooms can cause all of these problems except |
| | A) | Release of poisons into the water. |
| | B) | Harboring bacteria that cause cholera. |
| | C) | Sore throats and eye irritation. |
| | D) | Water stratification. |
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38 | | The following is known to apply to red tides: |
| | A) | All red tides involve phytoplanktonic neurotoxins that do not kill shellfish, but may harm people that eat the shellfish. |
| | B) | All red tides involve phytoplankton that make neurotoxins harmful to all animals. |
| | C) | Only some involve phytoplankton neurotoxins that harm all animals including people. |
| | D) | Only some involve phytoplankton neurotoxins that do not kill shellfish, but may harm people that eat the shellfish. |
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39 | | In most temperate waters, how many blooms per year are there? |
| | A) | One that lasts all year |
| | B) | One in summer |
| | C) | Two: one in spring and one in fall |
| | D) | Four: one per season |
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