adjacent side | The side that forms one of the arms of the acute angle being considered in a right triangle, but is not the hypotenuse. (4.0K)
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altitude (of a triangle) | The perpendicular distance from a vertex to the opposite side. (9.0K)
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angle of depression | The angle formed by the horizontal and a line of sight below the horizontal. (8.0K)
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angle of elevation | The angle formed by the horizontal and a line of sight above the horizontal. (9.0K)
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apex | The highest point of a pyramid, perpendicular and opposite to the base.
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base | (of a three-dimensional object) The bottom face of a three-dimensional object that is orientated in a traditional way. (3.0K)
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binomial | A polynomial with two terms. For example, x2 + 3, m2n + 4n, and 2x – 5y are binomials.
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circumference | The boundary or perimeter of a circle. This is a linear measurement. It is often represented by the variable C.
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coincident lines | Lines that occupy the same position. In a graph of two coincident lines, any point of either line lies on the other line.
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common factor | A term that is a factor of two or more terms. For example, 2 is a common factor of 4, 12, and 18, and x is a common factor of x2, xy, and xy2.
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common multiple | A number that is a multiple of two or more numbers. For example, common multiples of 3 and 5 are 15, 30, 45, 60, ....
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cone | A three-dimensional object with a circular base and a curved lateral surface that extends from the base to the vertex. (4.0K)
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continuous data | Data values on a graph that are connected. (4.0K)
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coordinates | The values in an ordered pair. The x-coordinate is the distance from the vertical or y-axis. The y-coordinate is the distance from the horizontal or x-axis. (6.0K)
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cosine ratio | For an acute angle in a right triangle, the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the length of the hypotenuse. cos A = | (0.0K) |
(4.0K)
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cube root | One of three equal factors of a number. For example, | (0.0K) |
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cylinder | A three-dimensional object with two parallel and congruent circular bases. (4.0K)
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degree (of a polynomial) | The degree of the highest-degree term in a polynomial. For example, the polynomial 7a2 – 3a has a degree of two.
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degree (of a term) | The sum of the exponents on the variable in a single term. For example, the degree 3x2z2 is 5. A variable with no exponent has a degree of one, so 3a has a degree of one.
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dependent variable | The variable whose values depend on those of the independent variable. (7.0K)
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difference of squares | An expression of the form a2 – b2 that involves the subtraction of two squares. For example, x2 – 4 and y2 – 25 are differences of squares.
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discrete data | Data values on a graph that are not connected. (3.0K)
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distributive property | The rule that states a(b + c) = ab + ac. For example, 40(20 + 6) = (40)(20) + (40)(6).
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domain | The set of all possible values for the independent variable in a relation.
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elimination method | An algebraic method of solving a system of equations. Add or subtract the equations to eliminate one variable and solve for the other variable.
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entire radical | The product of 1 and a radical. For example, | (0.0K) | and | (0.0K) | are entire radicals. |
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exponent | The number of times you multiply the base in a power by itself. For example, in 23, the exponent is 3, so the base is multiplied by itself three times. 2 × 2 × 2 = 8.
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face | A flat or curved surface of a three-dimensional object. (3.0K)
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factor | Any number or variable that, when multiplied with one or more other numbers or variables, forms a product. For example, the factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12, and the factors of a2b are a, a, and b.
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function | A relation in which each value of the independent variable is associated with exactly one value of the dependent variable. For every value in the domain there is a unique value in the range.
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function notation | A notation used when a relation is a function. It is written f(x) and read as “f of x” or “f at x.”
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general form | The equation of a line in the form Ax + By + C = 0, where A, B, and C are real numbers, and A and B are not both zero. By convention, A is a whole number. This means that A will always be positive.
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greatest common factor (GCF) | The largest factor shared by two or more terms. For example, the GCF of 12 and 28 is 4, and the GCF of x2yz and x2y3 is x2y.
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hypotenuse | The side opposite the right angle in a right triangle. (3.0K)
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imperial system | A system of measurement based on British units
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independent variable | The variable for which values are selected. (6.0K)
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index | Indicates what root to take. (1.0K)
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irrational number | A number that cannot be expressed in the form | (0.0K) | , where a and b are integers, and b ≠ 0. It cannot |
be expressed as a terminating or repeating decimal. For example, π = 3.1415... and | (0.0K) | = 2.236... | are irrational numbers.
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lateral area | The surface that joins two bases of a three-dimensional object or that joins the base to the highest point. (4.0K)
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least common multiple (LCM) | The smallest multiple shared by two or more terms. For example, the LCM of 6 and 8 is 24.
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like terms | Terms that have the same variable(s) raised to the same exponent(s). For example, 3x and –2x are like terms.
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metric system | A system of measurement in which all units are based on powers of ten. The metre is the basic unit of length.
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mixed radical | The product of a rational number and a radical. For example, | (0.0K) | and | (0.0K) | are mixed radicals. |
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monomial | A polynomial with one term. For example, 5, 2x, 3s2, –8cd, and | (0.0K) | are monomials. |
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multiple (of a number) | The product of a given number and an integral value. For example, the multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, ....
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non-linear relation | A relation that does not form a straight line when the data are plotted on a graph. (1.0K)
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opposite side | The sides across from the acute angle being considered in a right triangle. It is the side that does not form one of the arms of the angle being considered. (4.0K)
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parallel lines | Lines in the same plane that do not intersect. They have the same slope but different intercepts.
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parameter | A variable that has a constant value in a particular equation.
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perfect cube | A number that can be expressed as the product of three equal factors. For example, 64 = (4)(4)(4) or 43.
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perfect square | A number that can be expressed as the product of two equal factors. For example, 16 = (4)(4) or 42.
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perfect square trinomial | The result of squaring a binomial. For example, (x + 5)2 = x2 + 10x + 25 is a perfect square trinomial.
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perpendicular lines | Two lines that intersect at right angles (90°). These two lines have slopes that are negative reciprocals of each other.
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point of intersection | A point at which two lines touch or cross.
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polynomial | An algebraic expression formed by adding or subtracting terms. For example, x + 5, 2d – 2.4, and 3s2 + 5s – 6 are polynomials.
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power | An expression made up of a base and an exponent. For example, in the power 63, 6 is the base and 3 is the exponent.
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primary trigonometric ratios | The three ratios—sine, cosine, and tangent—defined in a right triangle.
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prime factor | A factor that is a prime number; that is, a number divisible only by 1 and itself. For example, the prime factors of 10 are 2 and 5.
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prime factorization | The process of writing a number as a product of its prime factors. For example, the prime factorization of 24 is 2 × 2 × 2 × 3.
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prism | A three-dimensional object with two parallel and congruent polygon bases and rectangular sides. (6.0K)
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pyramid | A three-dimensional object with one base and the same number of triangular faces as there are sides on the base. (2.0K)
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radical | Consists of a root symbol, an index, and a radicand.
It can be rational (for example, | (0.0K) | ) or irrational (for example, | (0.0K) | ). |
(2.0K)
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radicand | The quantity under the radical sign. (1.0K)
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range | The set of all possible values for the dependent variable as the independent variable takes on all possible values of the domain.
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rational exponent | An exponent that can be expressed as the quotient of two integers, where the divisor is not zero.
For example, in | (0.0K) | is a rational exponent. |
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rational number | A number that can be expressed as the quotient of two integers, where the divisor is not zero.
For example, 0.5, | (0.0K) | , and –2 are rational numbers. |
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referent | An item that an individual uses as a measurement for estimating. For example, the height of the doorknob above the floor is about 1 m, or the thickness of a dime is about 1 mm.
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relation | An association between two quantities. It can be presented in words, as an equation, as a table of values, as ordered pairs, or as a graph.
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set notation | A formal mathematical way to give the values of domain and range. For example, the domain is {x | x ≤ 10, x ∈ R} and the range is {y | y > 20, y ∈ R}.
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SI (Système International d’Unités) | A system of measurement in which all units are based on powers of ten. The metre is the basic unit of length.
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sine ratio | For an acute angle in a right triangle, the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the hypotenuse.
In the diagram, sin A = | (0.0K) |
(4.0K)
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slant height | The shortest lateral distance from the edge of the base of a cone or pyramid to its highest point. (5.0K)
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slope | The ratio of the vertical change, or rise, to the horizontal change, or run, of a line or line segment. Slope is not expressed with units. (6.0K)
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slope-intercept form | The equation of a line in the form y = mx + b, where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept.
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slope-point form | The equation of a non-vertical line in the form y – y1 = m(x – x1), where m is the slope and (x1, y1) are the coordinates of a point on the line.
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solution (to a system of linear equations) | A point of intersection of the lines on a graph. It is an ordered pair that satisfies both equations, or a pair of values occurring in the tables of values of both equations.
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solution (to a system of linear equations) | A point of intersection of the lines on a graph. It is an ordered pair that satisfies both equations, or a pair of values occurring in the tables of values of both equations.
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sphere | A round, ball-shaped object. It is a set of points in space that are a given distance (radius) from a fixed point (centre). (4.0K)
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square root | One of two equal factors of a number. For example, | (0.0K) |
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substitution method | An algebraic method of solving a system of equations. Solve one equation for one variable. Then, substitute that value into the other equation and solve for the other variable.
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surface area | The number of square units needed to cover a three-dimensional object. It is the sum of the areas of all the faces of an object. (7.0K)
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system of linear equations | Two or more linear equations involving common variables
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tangent (of a circle) | A line that touches a circle at exactly one point. The line is perpendicular to the radius at that point. The point where the line touches the circle is called the point of tangency. (3.0K)
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tangent ratio | For an acute angle in a right triangle, the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the adjacent side.
In the diagram, tan A = | (0.0K) |
(4.0K)
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term | A number or a variable, or the product of numbers and variables. For example, the expression 5x and 3 has two terms: 5x and 3.
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trinomial | A polynomial with three terms. For example, x2 + 3x – 1 and 2x2 – 5xy + 10y2 are trinomials.
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vertical line test | A test to see if a graph represents a function. If any vertical line crosses the graph at more than one point, the relation is not a function. The graph on the left is a relation. The graph on the right is not. (4.0K)
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volume | The amount of space a three-dimensional object occupies. It is measured in cubic units.
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x-intercept | The x-coordinate of the point where a line or curve crosses the x-axis. It is the value of x when y = 0.
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y-intercept | The y-coordinate of the point where a line or curve crosses the y-axis. It is the value of y when x = 0.
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