Chapter Objectives

After studying this chapter, students should be able to . . .

1.

Describe the steps of glycolysis and discuss the significance of this metabolic pathway.

2.

Describe how lactic acid is formed and explain the physiological significance of this pathway.

3.

Define the term gluconeogenesis and describe the Cori cycle.

4.

Describe the pathway for the aerobic respiration of glucose through the steps of the Krebs cycle.

5.

Explain the functional significance of the Krebs cycle in relation to the electron-transport system.

6.

Describe the electron-transport system and oxidative phosphorylation.

7.

Describe the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration.

8.

Compare the lactic acid pathway and aerobic respiration in terms of initial substrates, final products, cellular locations, and the total number of ATP molecules produced per glucose respired.

9.

Explain how glucose and glycogen can be interconverted, and how the liver can secrete free glucose derived from its stored glycogen.

10.

Define the terms lipolysis and b-oxidation, and explain how these processes function in cellular energy production.

11.

Explain how ketone bodies are formed.

12.

Describe the processes of oxidative deamination and transamination of amino acids and explain how these processes can contribute to energy production.

13.

Explain how carbohydrates or protein can be converted to fat in terms of the metabolic pathways involved.

14.

Describe the preferred energy sources of different organs.

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