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1 | |
Anabolic reactions are those chemical reactions that release energy, usually by the breakdown of larger organic molecules into smaller organic molecules. (p. 102) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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2 | |
Aerobic cell respiration and ventilation describe two very different processes. (p. 102) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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3 | |
During aerobic cell respiration oxygen molecules are converted into carbon dioxide molecules. (p. 102) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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4 | |
Glycolysis is endergonic and can take place both inside and outside the mitochondrion. (p. 102) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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5 | |
When oxygen is not available in sufficient amounts (anaerobic condition), each reduced NADH (NAD with H and H+ can be intercepted en route to the mitochondria, whereupon its two hydrogen atoms are removed and added to pyruvic acid to form lactic acid. (p. 103) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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6 | |
Anaerobic respiration or lactic acid fermentation yields a net gain of two ATP. (p. 104) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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7 | |
To summarize glycolysis in the cytoplasm of the cell, one glucose molecule is broken down step-by-step to two molecules of pyruvic acid, releasing two reduced NADH + H+ molecules, and generating a net gain of two ATP. (p. 104) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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8 | |
It is common for certain tissues like skeletal muscle to derive energy (ATP) from anaerobic respiration on a daily basis without permanent injury or damage to the tissue. (p. 104) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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9 | |
Red blood cells are capable of complete aerobic respiration of glucose because oxygen is always present in these cells. (p. 104) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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10 | |
In contrast to skeletal muscles that can derive energy from anaerobic respiration, the heart normally derives its energy from fuel molecules only in the presence of oxygen.(p. 104) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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11 | |
In aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is formed from glucose but lactic acid is not. (p. 107) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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12 | |
The enzyme, glycogen phosphorylase, catalyzes the conversion of glycogen to glucose 1-phosphate.(p. 105) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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13 | |
Organic molecules with phosphate groups such as glucose 6-phosphate are cell "prisoners" because they cannot cross cell membranes. (p. 105) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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14 | |
Skeletal muscle can supply the liver with energy in the form of free glucose but the opposite is not true. (p. 105) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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15 | |
Tissue cells that are anaerobic would have to burn relatively more glucose molecules to maintain a steady supply of ATP than would those tissues that are supplied with oxygen. (p. 104) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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16 | |
During exercise, the liver can supply free glucose to other tissues as well as to exercising muscles that may have depleted glycogen stores. (p. 106) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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17 | |
During aerobic respiration, the reaction that results in the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA and CO2, occurs in the cytoplasm. (p. 107) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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18 | |
All nine steps in glycolysis occurs in the mitochondrion portion of the cell. (p. 108) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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19 | |
The CO2 molecules formed as a waste product during the aerobic respiration of glucose are derived from pyruvic acid and other intermediates of the Krebs cycle and are not derived from oxygen gas molecules. (p. 110) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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20 | |
Coenzyme A serves only as a transport molecule for the reaction, carrying acetic acid from one enzyme to the next in the sequence. (p. 107) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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21 | |
The series of molecules that serve in electron transport during aerobic respiration are built into the foldings, or cristae of the inner membrane of the mitochondria.(p. 108) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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22 | |
Oxygen is the crucial atom within the cytochrome molecules that participates in the oxidation-reduction shuttle of the electrons along the electron transport chain. (p. 109) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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23 | |
Electron transport molecules are fixed within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion forming "lollipops" called respiratory assemblies that are critically important in the generation of ATP. (p. 110) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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24 | |
Oxidative phosphorylation describes the series of oxidation-reduction reactions in the mitochondria that use the energy from electron pairs derived from NADH and FADH2 to add a phosphate onto ADP, thus forming ATP. (p. 109) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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25 | |
The chemiosmotic theory is a widely accepted explanation of how glucose and other fuel food molecules are chemically allowed to enter the cell from the extracellular environment. (p. 110) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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26 | |
The transfer of energy from the electrons of hydrogen carriers, NAD and FAD, to form ATP is an example of an endergonic reaction since energy input is required. (p. 109) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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27 | |
The globular subunit of the respiratory assemblies along the mitochondrial inner membrane contain the enzyme, ATP synthase, that actually produces ATP molecules as protons diffuse into the matrix. (p. 110) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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28 | |
Oxygen (O2) is required as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain, forming carbon dioxide as waste. (p. 112) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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29 | |
In general, it is correct to say that the oxygen gas (O2) we breathe in, is ultimately converted to the carbon dioxide gas (CO2) we breathe out. (p. 112) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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30 | |
During aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule, direct (also called substrate-level) phosphorylation occurs in glycolysis (producing a net gain of 2 ATP) and the Krebs cycle (producing 1 ATP per cycle); for a total of 4 ATP molecules by this process. (p. 113) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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31 | |
The electrons from NADH and from FADH2 activate the three proton pumps along the inner mitochondrial membrane in different ways, with the electrons from NADH generating 1.5 ATP molecules and the electrons from FADH2 generating 2.5 ATP molecules. (p. 113) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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32 | |
In summary, the complete aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose to carbon dioxide and water generates a new grand total of 30 ATP (or, less commonly, 32 ATP) molecules. (p. 113) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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33 | |
Fatty acids are generally formed by the condensation of many two-carbon acetyl CoA molecules creating elongated hydrocarbon chains that have even numbers of carbon atoms. (p. 113) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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34 | |
Under conditions of high cellular ATP concentrations, glycolysis is stimulated so that more glucose can be combusted. (p. 113) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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35 | |
Following a meal high in calories, the formation of fat in adipose tissue and in the liver is known as lipogenesis. (p.113) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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36 | |
Since it is easily replenished from the diet, protein, which accounts for about 15%-20% of the stored calories in the body, is used daily by the body as a routine source of ATP. (p. 116) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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37 | |
Lipases are enzymes that hydrolyze triglycerides into glycogen and free fatty acids in a process called lipolysis. (p. 114) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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38 | |
Like glucose metabolism, the β-oxidation of fatty acids requires the help of coenzymes NAD and FAD in the transfer of hydrogen atoms and the release of energy for ATP synthesis. (p. 115) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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39 | |
The complete β-oxidation of one sixteen-carbon-long fatty acid molecule yields more than 100 ATP molecules whereas the similar complete aerobic respiration or combustion of one glucose molecule yields only 30 ATP. (p. 115) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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40 | |
Ketone bodies can be used by many peripheral tissues for energy. (p. 119) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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41 | |
Growing children excrete less nitrogen than they ingest, therefore they are in a state of negative nitrogen balance. (p. 116) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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42 | |
Excess amino acids, not used for energy, can have their amino groups removed (by deamination) and used for energy or can be converted to carbohydrate and fat. (p. 116) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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43 | |
Of the twenty amino acids available to synthesize protein, about twelve are essential, which means it is essential that the body make them. (p. 116) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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44 | |
Keto acids include pyruvic acid and certain intermediates of the Krebs cycle that can be used as sources of energy, or be converted to fat, or be converted to glucose (gluconeogenesis). (p. 118) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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45 | |
The heart uses glucose and lactic acid molecules circulating in the bloodstream as its most important sources of energy. (p. 119) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education