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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4/e
Rod R. Seeley, Idaho State University
Philip Tate, Phoenix College
Trent D. Stephens, Idaho State University
Development, Heredity, and Aging

Study Outline

  1. Prenatal Development
    1. Clinical age v. developmental age
    2. Fertilization and early cell divisions(Fig. 20.1, p. 552)
    3. Blastocyst(Fig. 20.2, p. 553)
    4. Implantation and development of the placenta(Fig. 20.3, p. 553)
      1. Chorion and placenta
      2. Hormone production(Fig. 20.4, p. 554)
      3. Embryonic attachment to placenta(Fig. 20.5, p. 555)
        Clinical Focus: Embryo Transfer p. 554
    5. Formation of germ layers(Fig. 20.6, p. 557, Tbl, 20.1, p. 556)
      1. Amniotic cavity and amniotic fluid
      2. Primitive streak formation
      3. Embryonic disk
        1. Ectoderm
        2. Endoderm
        3. Mesoderm
    6. Neural tube and neural crest formation(Fig. 20.7, p. 557)
    7. Formation of general body structure(Fig. 20.8, p. 557)
      1. Limb buds
      2. Development of the face(Fig. 20.9, p. 558)
    8. Development of organ systems(Table 20.2, p. 560-561)
      1. Digestive tract(Fig. 20.10, p. 559)
      2. Outpocketings of GI tract(Fig. 20.11, p. 559)
      3. Heart(Fig. 20.12, p. 560)
    9. Growth of the fetus(Fig. 20.13, p. 563)
  2. Parturition(Fig. 20.14, p. 564)
    1. Stages of labor
      1. First stage
      2. Second stage
      3. Third stage
    2. Factors influencing the process of parturition(Fig. 20.15, p. 565)
  3. The Newborn
    1. Respiratory and circulatory changes
      1. At the time of birth(Fig. 20.16a, p. 566)
      2. after birth(Fig. 20.16b, p. 567)
    2. Digestive changes
  4. Lactation
    1. Events of mild let-down(Fig. 20.17, p. 569)
    2. Colostrum
  5. First Year Following Birth
  6. Life Stages (Developmental Age)
    1. Germinal period - fertilization to 14 days
    2. Embryo -14 to 56 days
    3. Fetus -56 days to birth
    4. Neonate -birth to 1 month
    5. Infant -1 month to walking
    6. Child -walking to puberty
    7. Adolescent -puberty to 20 yrs.
    8. Adult -20 years to death
      1. Young adult -20 to 40 yrs.
      2. Middle age -40 to 65 yrs.
      3. Older adult -65 + yrs.
  7. Aging
    1. Changes
    2. Causes
  8. Death
    1. Causes
    2. Definition
  9. Genetics Clinical Focus: The Human Genome Project p. 576
    1. Chromosomes
      1. DNA
      2. Somatic cells v. sex cells
      3. Karyotypes(Fig. 20.18, p. 572)
        1. Autosomal chromosomes
        2. Sex chromosomes
          1. Sex determination(Fig. 20.19, p. 572)
          2. Meiosis-homologous pairs
    2. Genes
      1. Alleles
      2. Heterozygous and homozygous
      3. Linked genes
      4. Crossing-over
    3. Dominant and recessive inheritance(Fig. 20.20, p 574)
      1. Genotype and phenotype
      2. Carriers of recessive genes
      3. Dominant and recessive
      4. Genotype and phenotype
    4. Sex-chromosome linked traits(Fig. 20.21, p. 574)
    5. Other patterns of gene expression
      1. Incomplete dominance
      2. Codominance
      3. Polygenic traits(Fig. 20.22, p. 575)
    6. Genetic Disorders
      1. Mutations
      2. Oncogenes and cancer
        1. Tumor suppressor genes
        2. Carcinogens
        3. Genetic susceptibility
    7. Genetic counseling
      1. Pedigree(Fig. 20.23, p. 575)
      2. Karyotyping
      3. Other testing








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