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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4/e
Rod R. Seeley, Idaho State University
Philip Tate, Phoenix College
Trent D. Stephens, Idaho State University
Cell Structures and their Functions

Study Outline

  1. Functions of the CellClinical Focus: Relationships BetweenCell
    1. Basic unit of lifeStructure and Cell Function, p. 51
    2. Protection and support
    3. Movement
    4. Communication
    5. Cell metabolism and energy release
    6. Inheritance
  2. Cell Structure(Fig. 3.1, p. 43, Tbl. 3.1, p. 43)
    1. Cell membrane: Fluid Mosaic Model(Fig. 3.2, p. 44)
      1. Phospholipids
      2. Proteins
        1. Membrane channels
        2. Carrier molecules
        3. Receptor molecules: intercellular communication
        4. Enzymes
        5. Structural supports
    2. Nucleus(Fig. 3.3, p. 45)
      1. Nuclear envelope
      2. Chromatin and chromosomes
    3. Nucleoli and Ribosomes(Fig. 3.4, p. 46)
      1. Formation of ribosomal subunits
      2. Movement of ribosomes to cytoplasm
    4. Rough and smooth ER(Fig. 3.5, p. 46)
    5. The Golgi apparatus(Fig. 3.6, p. 47)
    6. Secretory vesicles
    7. Lysosomes
    8. Peroxisomes
    9. Mitochondria and oxidative metabolism(Fig. 3.7, p. 48)
    10. Cytoskeleton(Fig. 3.8, p. 49)
      1. Microtubules
      2. Microfilaments
      3. Intermediate filaments
    11. Cilia, Flagella, and Microvilli
  3. Whole cell activity
    1. Movement through the Plasma Membrane(Table 3.2, p. 50)
      1. Selective permeability
      2. Pathways of movement
        1. Directly through phospholipid layers
        2. Through membrane channels
        3. Transported by carrier molecules
        4. Transported within vesicles
    2. Diffusion(Fig. 3.9, p. 50)
      1. Concentration gradient
      2. Membrane channels
    3. Osmosis(Fig 3.10, p. 52)
      1. Non-diffusible particles and osmotic pressure
      2. Tonicity and solvent movement(Fig. 3.11, p. 54)
        1. Hypotonic solutions and lysis
        2. Hypertonic solutions and crenation
        3. Isotonic solutions
    4. Filtration
    5. Mediated Transport Mechanisms(Fig. 3.12, p. 54)
      1. Facilitated diffusion
      2. Active transport(Fig. 3.13, p. 55)
      3. Secondary active transport(Fig. 3.14, p. 56)
      4. Endocytosis
        1. Phagocytosis(Fig. 3.15, p. 56)
        2. Pinocytosis
      5. Exocytosis(Fig. 3.16, p. 57)
  4. Cell Metabolism(Fig. 3.17, p. 57)
    1. Glycolysis
    2. Aerobic respiration
    3. Anaerobic respiration
  5. Protein Synthesis(Fig. 3.18, p. 58)
    1. DNA
    2. Transcription(Fig. 3.19, p. 59)
      1. Nuclear DNA
      2. RNA synthesis
    3. Translation(Fig. 3.20, p. 60)
      1. Ribosomes
      2. mRNA
      3. tRNA
  6. Cell Division(Table 3.3, p. 65)
    1. Mitosis
      1. Chromosomes
      2. Replication - diploid daughter cells(Fig. 3.21, p. 61)
      3. Interphase - between cell divisions
      4. Phases of mitosis(Fig. 3.22, p. 62)
        1. Prophase
        2. Metaphase
        3. Anaphase
        4. Telophase
    2. Meiosis
      1. Haploid daughter cells-gametes
      2. Phases of meiosis; two divisions(Fig. 3.23, p. 64)
      3. Interkinesis
      4. Genetic diversity
        1. Crossing over
        2. Random distribution
  7. Differentiation and DNA activity
  8. Systems Pathology - Cystic FibrosisSystems Interactions Table, p. 67








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