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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4/e
Rod R. Seeley, Idaho State University
Philip Tate, Phoenix College
Trent D. Stephens, Idaho State University
The Skeletal System - Bones and Joints

Study Outline

  1. Functions of the Skeletal System
    1. Bone(Fig. 6.1, p. 113)
      1. Support
      2. Protection
      3. Lever system
      4. Mineral storage
      5. Blood cell formation
    2. Cartilage
      1. Model for bone growth
      2. Smooth joint surfaces
      3. Support
    3. Tendons and ligaments form attachments
  2. Connective Tissue
    1. Cartilage-extracellular matrix
      1. Collagen
      2. Proteoglycans
    2. Bone-extracellular matrix
      1. Collagen
      2. Hydroxyapatite
  3. General Features of Bone
    1. Bone shapes
      1. Long bones
      2. Short bones
      3. Flat bones
      4. Irregular bones
    2. Long bone anatomy (Fig. 6.2, p. 115)
    3. Bone histology
      1. Compact bone(Fig. 6.3, p. 116)
      2. Cancellous bone(Fig. 6.4, p. 117)
    4. Bone ossification
      1. Intramembranous ossification(Fig. 6.5, p. 117)
      2. Endochondral ossification(Fig. 6.6, p. 118)
    5. Bone growth
      1. Increase in diameter
      2. Endochondral growth - increase in length(Fig. 6.7, p. 119)
    6. Bone remodeling(Fig. 6.8, p. 120)
    7. Bone repairClinical Focus: Bone Fracturesp. 120
  4. The Skeleton(Fig. 6.9, p. 123, Tbl. 6.1, p.122)
    1. General Clinical Focus: Skeletal Disordersp. 121
      1. Considerations of bone anatomy(Table 6.1, p. 122)
      2. Terms for bone features(Table 6.2, p. 124)
    2. Axial skeleton
      1. Skull
        1. Lateral view(Fig. 6.10, p. 124)
        2. Frontal view(Fig. 6.11, p. 125)
        3. Paranasal sinuses(Fig. 6.12, p. 126)
        4. Interior of the cranial vault(Fig. 6.13, p. 127)
        5. Base of skull from below(Fig. 6.14, p. 128)
      2. Vertebral column(Fig. 6.15, 6.16, p. 129)
        (Fig. 6.21, p. 133 - surface view)
        1. Regional differences(Fig. 6.17, p. 130)
        2. Sacrum and coccyx(Fig. 6.18, p. 131)
        3. Thoracic cage(Fig. 6.19, p. 131)
          1. Ribs and costal cartilage
          2. Sternum
    3. Appendicular skeleton
      1. Pectoral girdle
      2. Scapula(Fig. 6.20, p. 132)
        1. Clavicle
      3. Upper limb(Fig. 6.25, p. 135 - surface view)
        1. Arm-humerus(Fig. 6.22, p. 133)
        2. Forearm-radius and ulna(Fig. 6.23, p. 134)
        3. Wrist and hand(Fig. 6.24, p. 135)
      4. Pelvic girdle(Fig. 6.26, p. 136)
        1. Comparison of male and female(Fig. 6.28, Tbl. 6.3, p. 137)
      5. Lower limb(Fig. 6.32, p. 140 - surface view)
        1. Thigh--femur(Fig. 6.29, p. 138)
        2. Leg--tibia and fibula(Fig. 6.30, p. 139)
        3. Ankle and foot(Fig. 6.31, p. 140)
  5. ArticulationsClinical Focus: Joint Disorders p. 147
    1. Fibrous joints(Fig. 6.33, p. 141)
    2. Cartilaginous joints
    3. Synovial joints(Fig. 6.34, p. 142)
      1. Types(Fig. 6. 35, p. 143)
        1. Plane joint
        2. Saddle joint
        3. Hinge joint
        4. Pivot joint
        5. Ball-and-socket joint
        6. Ellipsoid joint
      2. Selected joints(Fig. 6.36, p. 144)
      3. Types of movement(Fig. 6.37, p. 145-146)
        1. Flexion and extension
        2. Abduction and adduction
        3. Pronation and supination
        4. Eversion and inversion
        5. Rotation
        6. Protraction and retraction
        7. Elevation and depression
        8. Opposition and reposition
        9. Circumduction
  6. Systems Pathology - OsteoporosisSystems Interaction Table p. 149








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