 |
| 1 | |
In the Images of Life-Span Development section, "Learning to Age Successfully," the author relates a story about 85-year-old Sadie Halperin. To what does Sadie attribute her increased vitality? |
| | A) | better medical treatment |
| | B) | her state of mind |
| | C) | improved nutrition |
| | D) | exercise |
|
|
|
| 2 | |
With improvements in medicine, nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle, our: |
| | A) | life span has increased. |
| | B) | life expectancy has increased. |
| | C) | life expectancy has stayed the same, but our lives are healthier. |
| | D) | life expectancy has dropped, but the quality of life has improved. |
|
|
|
| 3 | |
Researchers in the New England Centenarian study have found _________ contributes to living a long life. |
| | A) | lack of stress |
| | B) | good genes |
| | C) | the ability to cope successfully with stress |
| | D) | a healthy lifestyle |
|
|
|
| 4 | |
Women outlive men for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: |
| | A) | financial status. |
| | B) | health attitudes. |
| | C) | occupations. |
| | D) | lifestyle. |
|
|
|
| 5 | |
The second X chromosome that women have appears to give them a health advantage over men in that it may: |
| | A) | counteract the negative effects of free radicals. |
| | B) | be associated with production of more antibodies to fight disease. |
| | C) | offer greater resistance for dealing with stress. |
| | D) | protect women against lung cancer, a leading cause of death in men. |
|
|
|
| 6 | |
Who would be classified as the "oldest old"? |
| | A) | Methuselah, who is 78 |
| | B) | Eve, who is 83 |
| | C) | Noah, who is 88 |
| | D) | All three are among the oldest old |
|
|
|
| 7 | |
As more information is gathered concerning the life and abilities of individuals over age 85, a more ________ picture is beginning to emerge. |
| | A) | optimistic |
| | B) | homogeneous |
| | C) | depressing |
| | D) | psychopathic |
|
|
|
| 8 | |
All of the following are biological theories of aging EXCEPT the ________ theory. |
| | A) | life-span |
| | B) | cellular clock |
| | C) | free-radical |
| | D) | hormonal stress |
|
|
|
| 9 | |
Leonard Hayflick believes that cells can divide a maximum of about _________ times and that as we age, our cells become increasingly less capable of dividing. |
| | A) | 25 to 50 |
| | B) | 50 to 65 |
| | C) | 75 to 80 |
| | D) | 80 to 90 |
|
|
|
| 10 | |
A recent extension to Hayflick's cellular clock theory suggests that cells die because: |
| | A) | they disintegrate over time. |
| | B) | they become too large and are no longer able to sustain themselves, thus they explored and leave harmful wastes. |
| | C) | the telomeres, or DNA sequences that cap the chromosomes, become shorter over time. |
| | D) | the RNA in our bodies is programmed to stop sending nutrients to the cells over time. |
|
|
|
| 11 | |
The ________ theory of aging states that people age because inside their cells normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules that ricochet around the cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures. |
| | A) | free-radical |
| | B) | cellular clock |
| | C) | hormonal stress |
| | D) | life-span |
|
|
|
| 12 | |
The hormonal stress theory of aging suggests that prolonged, elevated levels of stress-related hormones are associated with increased risk for: |
| | A) | chromosomal damage. |
| | B) | damage to cellular structures. |
| | C) | cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension. |
| | D) | cardiovascular disease only. |
|
|
|
| 13 | |
Suzman's (1997) survey found all of the following account for decline in disability among the elderly EXCEPT: |
| | A) | exercise. |
| | B) | not smoking. |
| | C) | socioeconomic status. |
| | D) | improvements in medical care. |
|
|
|
| 14 | |
In the aging brain, at least through the seventies, it appears that: |
| | A) | dendritic growth compensates for loss of neurons. |
| | B) | neural efficiency is compensated for by neural size. |
| | C) | neural cells will grow to compensate for loss of myelin. |
| | D) | increased neural transmitter production compensates for loss of neurons. |
|
|
|
| 15 | |
The study of nuns in Mankato, Minnesota (Snowden, 1995, 1997) has found all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | the onset of Alzheimer's disease symptoms can be delayed for years. |
| | B) | stimulating the brain with mental exercises can increase the number of neurons in the brain. |
| | C) | more educated people are less likely to develop symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. |
| | D) | when areas of the brain are damaged by stroke, new message routes can be created. |
|
|
|
| 16 | |
All of the following are normal declines in vision due to aging EXCEPT: |
| | A) | diminished tolerance for glare that reduces night vision. |
| | B) | slower dark adaptation, taking longer to recover vision when going from light to dark areas. |
| | C) | lower ability to detect events in the center of the visual field. |
| | D) | reduction in the quality or intensity of light reaching the retina. |
|
|
|
| 17 | |
Rozee's eyes have cloudy, opaque areas in the lens that prevent light from passing through, causing her to have blurred vision. The visual problem she has is: |
| | A) | macular degeneration. |
| | B) | cataracts. |
| | C) | glaucoma. |
| | D) | presbyopia. |
|
|
|
| 18 | |
To help hearing-impaired adults, the text suggests: |
| | A) | surgery on the inner ear. |
| | B) | wearing a hearing aid in the more impaired ear. |
| | C) | wearing two hearing aids balanced to correct each ear separately. |
| | D) | asking individuals who speak to the hearing impaired person to speak in a loud, clear voice. |
|
|
|
| 19 | |
Eighty-year-old Ethel noticed she cut her foot, although she didn't feel any pain when she did it. Since it is normal for older adults to be less sensitive to pain, Ethel: |
| | A) | should consider herself lucky it didn't hurt. |
| | B) | shouldn't worry about it one way or another, just bandage her foot. |
| | C) | should be concerned that while it may be "normal," it may also indicate some other underlying disease process. |
| | D) | needs to be aware of this because not feeling pain may mask injury or illness that needs treatment. |
|
|
|
| 20 | |
Which of the following is NOT a change that normally takes place in the respiratory system between ages 20 and 80? |
| | A) | Lung capacity drops 40 percent. |
| | B) | Lungs lose elasticity. |
| | C) | The chest expands. |
| | D) | The diaphragm weakens. |
|
|
|
| 21 | |
Physiological changes that affect sexual behaviour: |
| | A) | are more prevalent in men than in women. |
| | B) | are more prevalent in women than in men. |
| | C) | cannot be corrected in men and therefore limit their sexual activity. |
| | D) | cannot be corrected in women and therefore limit their sexual activity. |
|
|
|
| 22 | |
A study by Matthias et al. (1997) of more than 1,200 adults with a mean age of 77 found: |
| | A) | over half of them had participated in sexual activity in the past month. |
| | B) | two-thirds were satisfied with their current level of sexual activity. |
| | C) | almost 75 percent of them had discontinued having sex within the past 5 years. |
| | D) | the men were more sexually active than the women. |
|
|
|
| 23 | |
The most common chronic disorder in late adulthood is: |
| | A) | hypertension. |
| | B) | heart condition. |
| | C) | diabetes. |
| | D) | arthritis. |
|
|
|
| 24 | |
Chronic diseases: |
| | A) | increase in early adulthood. |
| | B) | are rare in middle adulthood. |
| | C) | are rare in early adulthood. |
| | D) | become common in middle adulthood. |
|
|
|
| 25 | |
The second leading cause of death in older adults is: |
| | A) | heart disease. |
| | B) | cancer. |
| | C) | influenza. |
| | D) | diabetes. |
|
|
|
| 26 | |
An aging disorder associated with calcium and vitamin D deficiencies, estrogen depletion, and lack of exercise is: |
| | A) | arthritis. |
| | B) | osteoporosis. |
| | C) | pernicious anemia. |
| | D) | depression. |
|
|
|
| 27 | |
To prevent osteoporosis, young and middle-aged women should do all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | subscribe to estrogen replacement therapy. |
| | B) | eat foods rich in calcium. |
| | C) | avoid smoking. |
| | D) | avoid weight-lifting exercises. |
|
|
|
| 28 | |
Compared to younger persons, elderly adult accident victims are likely to spend more time in the hospital because: |
| | A) | recovery is often complicated by mental depression. |
| | B) | health care focuses mainly on long-term treatments. |
| | C) | healing rates are slower in older adults. |
| | D) | family members feel the older adult is safer in the hospital. |
|
|
|
| 29 | |
Edith is 82 years old. She walks a mile a day, exercises with 10-lb weights, can stoop, crouch, and kneel, and walks the two flights of stairs to her apartment rather than take the elevator. She would be considered among the ________ oldest old. |
| | A) | majority of the |
| | B) | robust |
| | C) | exceptional |
| | D) | typical |
|
|
|
| 30 | |
Blumenthal et al. (1989) found that older adults who were __________ experienced significant improvement in cardiovascular fitness. |
| | A) | in a yoga class |
| | B) | taught transcendental meditation |
| | C) | on a weight-loss program |
| | D) | in an aerobic exercise group |
|
|
|
| 31 | |
Older adults subscribing to a low-calorie diet: |
| | A) | have been shown to live substantially longer than those who do not. |
| | B) | are likely to die sooner than those who do not. |
| | C) | should use caution, because not much is known about the long-term effects of low-calorie diets. |
| | D) | should be on high-protein diets with vitamin supplements. |
|
|
|
| 32 | |
Vitamin supplements called antioxidants may affect health by counteracting effects of: |
| | A) | white corpuscles. |
| | B) | DNA changes. |
| | C) | free radicals. |
| | D) | cholesterol. |
|
|
|
| 33 | |
All of the following individuals are exhibiting a symptom of major depression EXCEPT: |
| | A) | Ariel, who is making self-derogatory comments. |
| | B) | Belle, who has recurring nightmares. |
| | C) | Cathy, who is not eating. |
| | D) | Darlene, who is completely unmotivated. |
|
|
|
| 34 | |
Who is most likely to commit suicide? |
| | A) | Gerard, a widower who lives alone and is in poor health |
| | B) | Harriet, a widow who lives alone and is in poor health |
| | C) | Isaac, who has been arguing with his wife for 50 years |
| | D) | Judith, who has been arguing with her husband for 50 years |
|
|
|
| 35 | |
________ is a progressive, irreversible disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical functioning. |
| | A) | Cognitive dementia |
| | B) | Alzheimer's disease |
| | C) | Multi-infarct dementia |
| | D) | Schizophrenia |
|
|
|
| 36 | |
In the 1970s, a deficiency of acetylcholine, which plays an important part in memory, was discovered to occur in: |
| | A) | Parkinson's disease. |
| | B) | Alzheimer's disease. |
| | C) | arteriosclerosis. |
| | D) | multi-infarct dementia. |
|
|
|
| 37 | |
Depression has been reported in ___________ percent of family caregivers for Alzheimer's patients. |
| | A) | 10 |
| | B) | 25 |
| | C) | 35 |
| | D) | 50 |
|
|
|
| 38 | |
Elder maltreatment is primarily carried out by: |
| | A) | family members. |
| | B) | residential care workers. |
| | C) | unknown assailants. |
| | D) | in-home health care workers. |
|
|
|
| 39 | |
Approximately ____ % of adults 65 and over reside in nursing homes, compared with over ____ % of those over 85. |
| | A) | 7, 30 |
| | B) | 14, 40 |
| | C) | 21, 50 |
| | D) | 28, 60 |
|
|
|
| 40 | |
Alternatives to nursing homes include all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | home health care. |
| | B) | day-care centers. |
| | C) | long-term care facilities. |
| | D) | preventive medicine clinics. |
|
|
|
| 41 | |
Rodin (1990) found that nursing home patients who were given some responsibility and control over their lives became: |
| | A) | more difficult to manage. |
| | B) | more likely to want to return home. |
| | C) | healthier. |
| | D) | happier, but lived no longer than those given no responsibility or self-control. |
|
|
|
| 42 | |
When compared with younger adults, adults over the age of 65 receive ________ of psychological services. |
| | A) | more than their share |
| | B) | less than their share |
| | C) | about the same amount |
| | D) | substantially more than their share |
|
|
|
| 43 | |
Psychotherapists have been accused of failing to accept many older adult clients because: |
| | A) | they believe the prognosis for the older adult is poor. |
| | B) | fewer techniques for treating mental problems among older adults exist. |
| | C) | older clients, compared to younger clients, are less likely to pay the therapists for services rendered. |
| | D) | older clients typically forget their appointments. |
|
|
|
| 44 | |
Margaret Gatz suggests a step that should be taken in order for the current health-care system to meet the needs of older adults with mental disorders is to: |
| | A) | allow physicians to provide prescriptions over the phone. |
| | B) | consider limiting the types of psychological care covered by health care. |
| | C) | create elder care centers in the workplace. |
| | D) | provide better education for the elderly on how they can benefit from therapy. |
|
|
|
| 45 | |
According to Paul Baltes, cognitive _____ are the culture-based software programs of the mind. |
| | A) | mechanics |
| | B) | pragmatics |
| | C) | functionings |
| | D) | structures |
|
|
|
| 46 | |
In older adulthood: |
| | A) | cognitive pragmatics are likely to improve with aging. |
| | B) | cognitive mechanics are likely to improve with aging. |
| | C) | cognitive pragmatics and cognitive mechanics are both likely to improve with aging. |
| | D) | cognitive pragmatics and cognitive mechanics are both likely to decline with aging. |
|
|
|
| 47 | |
In the Berlin study of aging, the key factors accounting for age differences in intelligence were: |
| | A) | visual and auditory acuity. |
| | B) | amount of early education. |
| | C) | quality of early education. |
| | D) | experience with taking tests. |
|
|
|
| 48 | |
In a study of younger and older typists, Salthouse (1984) found that: |
| | A) | younger typists consistently outperformed the older typists. |
| | B) | older typists consistently outperformed the younger typists. |
| | C) | when older typists could look ahead, they typed as fast as younger typists. |
| | D) | when the number of characters that the typists could look ahead at was limited, the younger typists slowed considerably. |
|
|
|
| 49 | |
The noncognitive factors that have been studied in relation to memory and aging include all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | health. |
| | B) | intelligence. |
| | C) | education. |
| | D) | socioeconomic factors. |
|
|
|
| 50 | |
Evelyn, who is 105 years old, is active in her community and continues to play the piano at social gatherings. She loves to tell stories about when she was a little girl. Based on the research on memory and aging, we could expect that: |
| | A) | she believes her memory to be accurate, but in reality it has become increasingly inaccurate as she has aged. |
| | B) | her memory of the events is accurate, and she is telling the stories as they happened. |
| | C) | her memory of the events is accurate, but she is probably adding a lot to her stories that didn't happen. |
| | D) | she can no longer remember these events very well, but she wants to entertain her audience, so she pretends her memory is good. |
|
|
|
| 51 | |
As we proceed into late adulthood, we can normally expect the LEAST amount of decline in which aspect of memory? |
| | A) | episodic memory |
| | B) | working memory |
| | C) | semantic memory |
| | D) | perceptual speed |
|
|
|
| 52 | |
Older adults are most likely to forget: |
| | A) | the bottom items on a written list of items they need from the hardware store. |
| | B) | how to drive a car. |
| | C) | what items they wanted to buy at a grocery store. |
| | D) | how to play golf. |
|
|
|
| 53 | |
Which of the following statements about memory and aging is FALSE? |
| | A) | Positive or negative beliefs about one's memory skills are related to actual memory performance. |
| | B) | Health, education, and socioeconomic status can influence an older adult's performance on memory tasks. |
| | C) | Research has found that maintaining good health can eliminate memory decline. |
| | D) | Using familiar tasks in research reduces age decrements in memory. |
|
|
|
| 54 | |
Which task would require wisdom? |
| | A) | remembering a grocery list |
| | B) | braking when a pedestrian steps out in front of your car |
| | C) | helping a son keep his marriage from falling apart |
| | D) | helping a granddaughter with her algebra homework |
|
|
|
| 55 | |
Which of the following characteristics is positively correlated with scores on intelligence tests? |
| | A) | introversion |
| | B) | well-rounded personality |
| | C) | job experience |
| | D) | educational experience |
|
|
|
| 56 | |
The text has noted that older adults return to school because they: |
| | A) | become obsolete due to technological changes. |
| | B) | want to learn more about aging. |
| | C) | have a desire to learn more effective cognitive and social-coping skills. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
|
|
|
| 57 | |
Recent research found substantive complex work to be linked with ___________ older adults. |
| | A) | higher intellectual functioning in |
| | B) | more accidents in the workplace for |
| | C) | forced retirement of |
| | D) | frustration and inability to cope in |
|
|
|
| 58 | |
The cognitive dropoffs that are linked to poor health in the elderly: |
| | A) | are the causative factors of the poor health. |
| | B) | appear to be the direct result of the poor health. |
| | C) | are probably the result of lifestyle behaviours such as inactivity and stress. |
| | D) | appear to be caused by genetic factors. |
|
|
|
| 59 | |
Clarkson-Smith and Hartley (1989), in their study of the effects of exercise on cognitive functioning, found that: |
| | A) | aerobic exercise is related to improved cognitive functioning. |
| | B) | yoga is related to improved cognitive functioning. |
| | C) | stretching exercises are related to improved cognitive functioning. |
| | D) | any type of exercise (i.e., aerobic, yoga, stretching) shows greater cognitive benefits for older people than for those who are younger. |
|
|
|
| 60 | |
The terminal drop hypothesis claims that death is preceded by a decrease in: |
| | A) | physical functioning. |
| | B) | cognitive functioning. |
| | C) | social interaction. |
| | D) | emotional attachment. |
|
|
|
| 61 | |
The mnemonic technique being used when an item to be remembered is paired with a location is: |
| | A) | chunking. |
| | B) | story-telling. |
| | C) | rehearsing. |
| | D) | the method of loci. |
|
|
|
| 62 | |
Which statement is most accurate concerning cognitive skills in the elderly? |
| | A) | Training has little effect on slowing declines. |
| | B) | An increasing number of developmentalists have found the elderly can be retrained. |
| | C) | Memory is the only cognitive skill that can be improved by training. |
| | D) | A shift from factual knowledge to wisdom occurs in most elderly adults. |
|
|
|
| 63 | |
As noted in the text, religion can provide important psychological needs in older adults, including all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | assistance in finding and maintaining a sense of meaningfulness and significance in life. |
| | B) | the ability to accept impending death and the inevitable losses of old age. |
| | C) | social activities and social support. |
| | D) | assistance with psychological problems, such as depression. |
|
|
.