(See related pages)
Below are the key terms featured in this chapter. The textbook's full glossary is also available for online searching.
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| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | A disability in which children show inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity |
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| Basic-skills-and-phonetics approach | An approach to reading instruction that stresses phonetics and basic rules for translating symbols into sounds |
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| Brainstorming | A technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with ideas in a group |
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| Convergent thinking | Thinking that produces one correct answer |
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| Creativity | Ability to think in novel, unusual ways and come up with unique solutions |
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| Critical thinking | Thinking that involves grasping the deeper meaning of ideas |
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| Cultural-familial retardation | Retardation with no evidence of organic brain damage but an IQ between 50 and 70 |
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| Culture-fair tests | Tests that are designed to be free of cultural bias |
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| Divergent thinking | Thinking that produces many answers to the same question |
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| Dyslexia | Category of learning disabilities involving severe impairment in reading and spelling abilities |
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| Gifted | Above-average intelligence (an IQ of 120 or higher) and/or superior talent for something |
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| Intelligence | Verbal ability, problem-solving skills, ability to learn from/adapt to everyday experience |
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| Intelligence quotient (IQ) | A person’s mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100 |
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| Learning disability | A disability that involves normal intelligence or above, difficulties in at least one academic area, and no other problem that can be determined as causing the difficulty |
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| Long-term memory | A relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time |
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| Mainstreaming | Educating a child with special education needs in a regular classroom |
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| Mental age (MA) | Binet’s measure of an individual’s level of mental development compared with that of others |
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| Mental retardation | Limited mental ability with an IQ score below 70 and difficulty adapting to everyday life |
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| Metacognition | Thinking about thinking or knowing about knowing |
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| Neo-Piagetians | Developmentalists who have elaborated on Piaget’s theory |
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| Normal distribution | A symmetrical distribution with most cases falling in the middle of the range of scores |
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| Organic retardation | Mental retardation involving some physical damage caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage |
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| Seriation | The concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension |
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| Transitivity | Mental concept underlying the ability to combine relations logically and understand conclusions |
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| Triarchic theory of intelligence | Intelligence consists of analytical, creative, and practical components |
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| Whole-language approach | An approach to reading instruction based on the idea that reading instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning |