Please answer all questions

1		The amphibians and the __________ represent the two major branches of the tetrapod lineage.
			A)	reptiles
			B)	birds
			C)	temnospondyls
			D)	amniotes
2		The first terrestrial tetrapods were probably the
			A)	rhipidistians.
			B)	amniotes.
			C)	coelacanths
			D)	leptocephalans.
3		Compared to water, the oxygen content of air is _________, and the density of air is
			A)	greater, greater.
			B)	greater, lesser.
			C)	lesser, lesser.
			D)	lesser, greater.
4		The Devonian period could be characterized as a period of
			A)	climatic stability.
			B)	alternating droughts and floods.
			C)	alternating ice ages.
			D)	pronounced mountain building.
5		The freshwater fish that survived the Devonian period possessed
			A)	efficient gills.
			B)	countercurrent flow.
			C)	lungs.
			D)	paedomorphosis.
6		The development of limbs probably aided the first amphibians in
			A)	finding mates.
			B)	swimming.
			C)	running on land.
			D)	moving between bodies of water.
7		The first well-known fossil of a tetrapod was
			A)	in the genus Sphenodon.
			B)	in the genus Latimeria.
			C)	in the genus Ichthyostega.
			D)	in the genus Desmognathus.
8		Some amphibians have _________, which are pigmented cells in the skin.
			A)	chromatophores
			B)	osteoblasts
			C)	miracidia
			D)	lamellae
9		The hearts of amphibians have
			A)	one atria and one ventricle.
			B)	two atria and one ventricle.
			C)	one atria and two ventricles.
			D)	two atria and two ventricles.
10		To facilitate cutaneous respiration, the skin of amphibians is
			A)	moist and covered with scales.
			B)	dry and richly vascularized.
			C)	moist and richly vascularized.
			D)	dry and covered with scales.
11		The kidneys of amphibians are
			A)	pronephric.
			B)	metanephric.
			C)	mesonephric.
			D)	anephric.
12		Members of the order ________ often produce spermatophores.
			A)	Caudata
			B)	Gymnophiona
			C)	Apoda
			D)	Anura
13		Members of the order ________ are often viviparous.
			A)	Caudata
			B)	Gymnophiona
			C)	Urodela
			D)	Anura
14		Members of the family Plethodontidae are unusual as many species completely lack
			A)	eyes.
			B)	a tail.
			C)	lungs.
			D)	a terrestrial phase.
15		________ is the retention of larval characteristics, seen in some salamanders.
			A)	Paedomorphosis
			B)	Viviparity
			C)	Ovoviviparity
			D)	Trophyllaxis
16		Members of family Bufonidae are colloquially called
			A)	true frogs.
			B)	true toads.
			C)	tree frogs.
			D)	clawed frogs.
17		Some frogs hibernate during the winter and avoid the harmful effects of freezing by accumulating _________ and glycerol in their bodies.
			A)	fat
			B)	thyroxine
			C)	sebum
			D)	glucose
18		The middle ear of the amphibian has a __________, which transmits vibrations to the inner ear.
			A)	malleolus
			B)	incus
			C)	columella
			D)	tympanum
19		The perennibranchiate condition may occur in
			A)	salamanders.
			B)	caecilians.
			C)	frogs.
			D)	toads
20		The frog most commonly used in zoology laboratories for dissections, and is also the frog that has the widest distribution belongs to the
			A)	the genus Rana.
			B)	the genus Hyla.
			C)	the genus Bufo.
			D)	the genus Sirenia.
21		The forebrain is known as the
			A)	telencephalon.
			B)	rhombencephalon.
			C)	mesencephalon.
			D)	cerebellum.
22		Amphibians that have no larval development are said to have direct development-they hatch from the egg as miniature versions of the adults.
			A)	True
			B)	False
23		Buccopharyngeal breathing is a form of respiration that supplements cutaneous respiration by pumping air in and out of the mouth and gases are exchanged over the highly vascularized membranes of the mouth.
			A)	True
			B)	False
24		Amphibians that are perennibranchiate have lungs in larval forms and lungs in adult stages.
			A)	True
			B)	False
25		An axolotl is a perennibranchiate salamander throughout its entire life, no matter what the environmental conditions may be.
			A)	True
			B)	False
26		Frogs are solitary during most of the year, except during the breeding period, which is typically in the spring.
			A)	True
			B)	False
27		The skin of a frog, although loosely attached to the body, is typical of most terrestrial vertebrates, having an outer epidermis and an underlying dermis.
			A)	True
			B)	False
28		The hylid frogs have the most toxic skin secretions, which are used by natives in South America to coat their blowgun darts for hunting.
			A)	True
			B)	False
29		The iridiophores in the skin of frogs contain yellow, orange, or red pigments, the melanophores reflect the light striking the iridiophores.
			A)	True
			B)	False
30		The fused caudal vertebrae seen in frogs are called the pygostyle, which is similar to our "tailbone," the coccyx.
			A)	True
			B)	False
31		The primary excretory waste of amphibians is uric acid and is stored in a bladder.
			A)	True
			B)	False
32		Most amphibians have a forelimb with four digits and a rear limb with five digits.
			A)	True
			B)	False
33		The order name Salientia refers to the lack of a tail.
			A)	True
			B)	False
34		Amphibians respire by a positive-pressure mechanism, as opposed to the negative pressure of the amniotes. In other words, if you were a frog, it would take energy to expire, but relatively little energy to inspire.
			A)	True
			B)	False
35		In amphibians, the double circulation includes both a pulmonary and systemic circuit.
			A)	True
			B)	False
36		In a frog, blood from the systemic circuit enters the sinus venosus, then flows to the right atrium, then the right ventricle.
			A)	True
			B)	False
37		The digestive tract of most vertebrates that are carnivores is shorter than the digestive tract of herbivores.
			A)	True
			B)	False
38		The lateral line is present in all amphibians, although it is only fully functional in the aquatic species.
			A)	True
			B)	False
39		The structure in a frog ear that is similar to the mammalian cochlea is the utricle.
			A)	True
			B)	False
40		The most speciose order of amphibians is order Anura, followed by order Gymnophiona, and the fewest species are classified in order Caudata.
			A)	True
			B)	False