| audience | the group of readers for whom the writer writes; in order to write effectively, purpose and audience must always be kept in mind
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| cause/effect | a pattern of essay development in which the causes and/or effects of an event are analyzed
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| classification/division | a pattern of essay development in which subjects are grouped into categories
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| clustering | a (visual) prewriting technique: using lines and arrows to show relationships among ideas and details that occur to you
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| comparison/contrast | a pattern of essay development in which a subject's similarities and differences to another subject are explored
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| description | a pattern of essay development: a verbal picture of a person, place, or thing
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| drafting | an early stage of the writing process: roughing out a first version of a piece of writing
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| editing | revising a piece of writing with particular attention to grammar, style, punctuation, and other mechanical issues
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| freewriting | a prewriting technique: jotting down--in rough sentences, words or phrases--everything that comes to mind about a possible topic
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| illustration | a pattern of essay development: giving examples to illustrate a certain point
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| narration | a pattern of essay development: telling a brief story to make a point
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| persuasion | a pattern of essay development: trying to move the reader to agreement with a point or to some action
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| process analysis | a pattern of essay development in which the procedure for doing or making something is detailed
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| proofreading | the last step of paper preparation: carefully re-reading the near-finished draft, checking for errors in grammar, spelling, punctuation, and format
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| scratch outline | a prewriting technique: a plan or a blueprint of your writing, which puts the main point and supporting details in a logical order
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| thesis | the main idea of an essay; the point of a piece of writing; an assertion
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education