| aggression | Any behavior intended to harm, injure, or dominate another person. 296
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| cognitive social learning theory | A theory suggesting that children acquire gender roles or other behaviors through rewards/ punishments, observation/modeling, and expectations regarding outcomes. 295
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| core gender identity | Our innermost psychological sense of ourselves as a girl or boy, woman or man. A central component of our sense of "self." 289
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| cross-dressing (transvestism) | Wearing the clothing and adornment associated with the other gender. May be done for entertaining, sexual arousal, or as an expression of gender dysphoria. 22, 304, 450
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| DSM-IV | Fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual, a listing of the categories of mental and emotional disturbances and their characteristics. 305
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| fetishistic transvestism | Cross-dressing associated with erotic arousal and orgasm (among heterosexual men). A paraphilic behavior. 304, 450
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| gender | A societally constructed status to which one is assigned (boy or girl, woman or man). Distinguishable from the biological category of sex (male or female). 22, 288
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| gender | A societally constructed status to which one is assigned (boy or girl, woman or man). Distinguishable from the biological category of sex (male or female). 22, 288
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| gender constancy | The firm understanding that one remains male or female: the last stage of gender identity development. 290
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| gender display | The use of culture-specific clothing, markings, hairstyle, etc., to indicate one's gender. 288
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| gender dysphoria | Dissatisfaction with and profound distress about one's gender identity and gender role. Preference for the identity and role of the other gender. 307
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| gender-role ideology | A particular society's general beliefs and norms regarding how girls and boys or women and men should be (behaviors, traits, etc.). 288
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| gender roles | The totality of social and cultural expectations for boys/girls, men/women in a particular society at a particular time in history. 288, 475
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| gender-role socialization | A lifelong process of acquiring norms of gender-appropriate behavior in a particular society. Learning to be appropriately feminine or masculine. 288
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| gender schema | A mental organizational network that guides categorizations, behaviors, etc., in terms of gender (e.g., "boy games," "girl games"). 289
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| gender schema theory | Bem's theory that our gender-related schemas guide our future categorizations, associations, and behaviors. 295
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| gender schematic (aschematic) | The degree to which persons organize aspects of life in terms of gender. 295
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| gender stereotyping | The overapplication of simple and rigid beliefs about the traits possessed by girls and women or boys and men. 290, 463
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| paraphilia | Recurrent, intensely arousing sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors that involve nonhuman objects, suffering, or nonconsenting others. 304, 444, 486
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| reproductive success | The likelihood that one's offspring will survive, thereby passing on one's genetic endowment. 294
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| sex | A biological status, typically based on the appearance of one's genitals (male or female). Also, genital contact between individuals for the purpose of pleasure and/or reproduction. 22, 288
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| sexism | Behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on gender. 45, 290
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| sex reassignment surgery (SRS) | Hormonal and surgical alteration of genitalia to resemble those of the other sex. 307
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| sexual and gender-identity disorders | A DSM-IV category that includes sexual dysfunctions, paraphilias, and gender identity disorders (distress due to cross-gender identification). 305
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| sexual orientation | Whether a person is attracted to people of the same, the other, or both sexes. 66, 289
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| sexual scripts | Culture-specific, learned guidelines regarding all aspects of sexual expression (e.g., "dating," "foreplay," etc.). 300
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| social construction | The idea that much of what we experience as real, normal, or natural is "created" based on cultural influences. 296
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| sociobiology | a theory suggesting that many social behaviors and conventions (such as gender) have evolutionary significance. 294
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| spatial abilities | Abilities related to the mental manipulation of shapes, images, or physical relationships between objects or their parts. 296
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| transgenderism (cross-gender behavior) | Continuum along which individuals engage in behaviors associated with the other gender. 304
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| transsexualism | Intense and prolonged psychological discomfort with one's sexual anatomy, often to the degree that one seeks surgery to "correct" the condition. 22, 304
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| verbal abilities | Abilities related to the creation, use, and manipulation of language. 297
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education