| adherence | The degree to which an individual follows a recommended health-related or illness-related recommendation.
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| colleague orientation | Physician orientation toward gaining the esteem and regard of one’s colleagues; fostered by any health care provider arrangement that does not involve direct reimbursement of physicians by patients.
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| creative nonadherence | The modification or supplementation of a prescribed treatment regimen on the basis of privately held theories about the disorder or its treatment.
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| double-blind experiment | An experimental procedure in which neither the researcher nor the patient knows whether the patient received the real treatment or the placebo until precoded records indicating which patient received which are consulted; designed to reduce the possibility that expectations for success will increase evidence for success.
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| health maintenance organization (HMO) | An organizational arrangement for receiving health care services, by which an individual pays a standard monthly rate and then uses services as needed at no additional or at greatly reduced cost.
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| holistic health | A philosophy characterized by the belief that health is a positive state that is actively achieved; usually associated with certain nontraditional health practices.
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| managed care
nonadherence | The failure to comply fully with treatment recommendations for modification of a health habit or illness state.
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| nurse-practitioners | Nurses who, in addition to their training in traditional nursing, receive special training in primary care so they may provide routine medical care for patients.
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| patient orientation | Orientation by physicians primarily toward the patient’s psychological and medical welfare; fostered by private, fee-for-service care.
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| physicians’ assistants | Graduates of 2-year programs who perform routine health care functions, teach patients about their treatment regimens, and record medical information.
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| placebo | A medical treatment that produces an effect in a patient because of its therapeutic intent and not its nature.
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| placebo effect | The medically beneficial impact of an inert treatment.
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| placebo-prone personality | A constellation of attributes believed to predispose people to experiencing placebo effects; although the idea of a placebo-prone personality is now largely discredited, some personality characteristics do increase the likelihood that a person will show a placebo effect.
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| private fee-for-service care | The condition under which patients privately contract with physicians for services and pay them for services rendered.
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education