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A Child's World: Infancy through Adolescence, 9/e

Diane E. Papalia, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Sally Wendkos Olds
Ruth Duskin Feldman

Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Multiple Choice


1	A shift in self-awareness that seems to occur around age 4 is
		A)	the ability to recognize oneself in a mirror
		B)	the ability to recognize oneself in a photograph
		C)	the understanding that the self is continuous in time
		D)	the ability to integrate features of the self into a general concept


2	According to neo-Piagetian thinkers, the ability to link two aspects of the self generally occurs at about age(s)
		A)	2 to 3
		B)	4
		C)	5 to 6
		D)	7


3	Unsuccessful resolution of the crisis of initiative versus guilt may cause
		A)	impotence
		B)	inhibition
		C)	intolerance
		D)	any of the above


4	Regarding self-esteem, 4- to 7-year-olds are different from older children in that
		A)	younger children have not yet developed a sense of self-esteem
		B)	older children have an all-or-nothing opinion of themselves
		C)	preschool children cannot express their self-worth in words
		D)	younger children underrate their abilities


5	Which of the following is not strongly correlated with self-esteem in early childhood?
		A)	child's sense of own competence
		B)	child's curiosity
		C)	child's adaptability
		D)	supportive feedback from adults


6	Gender differences are
		A)	physical differences between males and females
		B)	psychological or behavioral differences between males and females
		C)	attitudes deemed appropriate for males and females
		D)	all of the above


7	Research on gender differences has found that
		A)	aside from anatomy, young boys and girls are more alike than different
		B)	boys excel in computation and understanding of mathematical concepts
		C)	girls have superior verbal ability from early childhood on
		D)	boys have superior spatial ability from early childhood on


8	Gender roles include
		A)	interests
		B)	skills
		C)	both a and b
		D)	neither a nor b


9	All but which of the following statements seems to contradict social-learning theory's explanation for the acquisition of gender roles?
		A)	Children do not always imitate adults of the same sex.
		B)	Children are no more like their parents than they are like other randomly-chosen parents.
		C)	Some gender-typed behavior may reflect the child's own preferences.
		D)	Gender roles can be modified.


10	According to Kohlberg, gender identity is typically acquired at about age
		A)	2 to 3
		B)	4 to 5
		C)	6 to 7
		D)	8 to 9


11	According to Bem, parents can raise children without gender stereotypes by following all but which of the following suggestions?
		A)	exposing children to nontraditional occupations
		B)	giving them nonstereotyped gifts
		C)	sharing household tasks
		D)	deemphasizing anatomical differences


12	According to Bem, an androgynous personality is
		A)	predominantly "masculine"
		B)	predominantly "feminine"
		C)	highly adaptable
		D)	sexually repressed


13	According to Parten, which of the following shows the most advancement toward social play?
		A)	building a block tower alongside another child who is building a block tower
		B)	playing with a truck near other children who are building a block tower
		C)	watching other children build a block tower
		D)	talking to children who are building a block tower


14	According to research done since 1970, which of the following statements about preschool children's play is not true?
		A)	Some children's play is more social than others'.
		B)	Social play seems to have decreased since the 1920s.
		C)	Parallel constructive play is common among socially skilled children.
		D)	Solitary play is a sign of immaturity.


15	A 3-year-old pushing a toy train and saying "choo-choo" is engaged in what kind of play?
		A)	functional
		B)	pretend
		C)	constructive
		D)	associative


16	Which of the following statements about children's play is true?
		A)	Children who watch a lot of television play more imaginatively than children who watch little television.
		B)	About one-third of kindergartners' play is pretend play.
		C)	Children in small day care centers with same-age grouping play more sociably than other children.
		D)	Korean American children engage in more social play than Anglo American children.


17	Punishment is more effective when it
		A)	is consistent
		B)	is performed by a person the child is afraid of
		C)	is accompanied by a detailed explanation
		D)	all of the above


18	Inductive techniques of socialization include all but which of the following?
		A)	setting limits
		B)	reasoning with a child
		C)	demonstrating logical consequences of behavior
		D)	generalizing about children's behavior


19	Baumrind's research suggests that the most effective style of parenting is
		A)	authoritarian
		B)	permissive
		C)	authoritative
		D)	All of the above are equally effective.


20	The upbringing of Chinese children emphasizes all but which of the following?
		A)	warmth and supportiveness
		B)	obedience to elders
		C)	self-reliance
		D)	firm control


21	Preschoolers who won't let another child play near them are
		A)	unsociable
		B)	the least competent
		C)	behaving normally
		D)	likely to be aggressive at age 8


22	According to social-learning theory and research, all but which of the following statements about aggression in young children are true?
		A)	A frustrated child is more likely to act aggressively than a contented one.
		B)	Children who have seen an aggressive adult are more likely to act aggressively.
		C)	Televised violence tends to promote aggression.
		D)	Spanking is generally an effective way to curb aggression.


23	The most common fears of children ages 3 to 6 include all but which of the following?
		A)	dogs
		B)	thunderstorms
		C)	death
		D)	doctors


24	An effective way to help young children overcome fears is
		A)	making light of their fears
		B)	explaining why their fears are unreasonable
		C)	encouraging expression of fears
		D)	removing a feared object


25	Which of the following is more important to 4-year-olds than to 7-year-olds in choosing friends?
		A)	physical characteristics
		B)	affection
		C)	support
		D)	common activities

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