12.1 The Blood Vessels

• A series of vessels delivers blood from the heart to the capillaries, where exchanges of substances takes place, and then another series of vessels delivers blood from the capillaries back to the heart.

1. How are large blood vessels nourished with oxygen and nutrients?
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2. What determines whether blood flows into one particular capillary bed or another?
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Essential Study Partner
    Types of Systems
    Structure of Blood Vessels
    Arteries & Arterioles
    Capillaries
    Capillary Exchange
    Veins & Venules

Art Quizzes
    Mammal and Bird Circulation
    Gas Exchange Variations

General Biology Weblinks
    Anatomy & Physiology

Labeling Exercises
Blood Vessels (1) (25.0K)
Blood Vessels (1) (32.0K)
Anatomy of a Capillary Bed (37.0K)

12.2 The Heart

• The human heart is a double pump: the right side pumps blood to the lungs, and the left side pumps blood to the rest of the body.

1. Give one example of how the heart can be used to illustrate the relationship between structure and function.
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2. Does the heart quit beating if the SA node fails?
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Essential Study Partner
    Human Heart
    Heart Blood Flow
    Histology
    Conduction System
    Cardiac Cycle
    Heart Sounds
    Cardiac Output

Art Quiz
    Heart – Electrical Pathway

Animation Quizzes
    Cardiac Cycle Blood Flow Normal Speed
    Cardiac Cycle Blood Flow Slow Motion
    Cardiac Cycle Electrical
    Cardiac Cycle Muscular
    Cardiac Cycle Sounds
    Cardiac Cycle sounds Detail

Explorations
    Evolution of the Heart

Case Study
    Heart Transplant

Labeling Exercises
External Heart Anatomy (1) (34.0K)
External Heart Anatomy (2) (32.0K)
External Heart Anatomy (3) (41.0K)
Internal View of the Heart (1) (36.0K)
Internal View of the Heart (2) (35.0K)
Internal View of the Heart (3) (33.0K)
Internal View of the Heart (4) (32.0K)

12.3 The Vascular Pathways

• The pulmonary arteries transport O₂-poor blood to the lungs, and the pulmonary veins return O₂-rich blood to the heart.
• The systemic circuit transports blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the body and then returns it to the right atrium of the heart.

1. What is a portal system? Give an example of one in the human body.
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2. Is arterial blood pressure constant throughout the body?
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Essential Study Partner
    Vessels and Pressure
    Distribution
    Blood Pressure
    Systemic Arteries & Arterioles
    Systemic Veins & Venules

Animation Exercise
    Portal System

Labeling Exercises
Human Circulatory System (1) (45.0K)
Human Circulatory System (2) (44.0K)

12.4 Blood

• Blood is composed of cells and a fluid containing proteins and various other molecules and ions.
• Blood clotting is a series of reactions that produces a clot – fibrin threads in which red blood cells are trapped.
• Exchange of substances between blood and tissue fluid across capillary walls supplies cells with nutrients and removes wastes.

1. What is the primary function of red blood cells and white blood cells?
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2. What portions of the blood participate in clotting?
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Essential Study Partner
    Blood
    Plasma
    Hemopoiesis
    Erythrocytes
    Leukocytes
    Hemostasis

Case Studies
    Artificial Blood
    Blood Doping in Cyclers

Labeling Exercise
Hemoglobin Molecule (42.0K)

12.5 Cardiovascular Disorders

• Although the cardiovascular system is very efficient, it is still subject to degenerative disorders.

1. What are the two primary disorders that lead to stroke, heart attack, and aneurysm?
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2. What are the recommendations for maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system?
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Essential Study Partner
    Myocardial Infarction

Animation Quizzes
    Valvular Insufficiency
    Valvular Stenosis
    Myocardial Infarction

Labeling Exercise
Plaque (53.0K)