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2.1 Basic Chemistry

  • All matter is composed of elements, each having one type of atom.
  • Atoms react with one another, forming molecules, and compounds.
  1. In what ways do the atoms of one element differ from those of another element?
    Answer

  2. When do ionic and covalent bonds form?
    Answer

Essential Study Partner
    Basic Chemistry
    Atoms
    Bonds

Art Quizzes
    Electron Energy Levels

Animation Quizzes
    Atomic Structure
    Covalent Bond
    Ionic Bond

2.2 Water and Living Things

  • The existence of living things is dependent on the characteristics of water.
  • The hydrogen ion concentration in water changes when acids or bases are added to water.
  1. List two features of water molecules that give rise to all the beneficial attributes of water.
    Answer

  2. What are acids and bases, and how do living things regulate pH?
    Answer

Essential Study Partner
    Water
    Water Properties
    pH
    Acid Rain

Art Quizzes
    Molecular Structure of Water
    Water as a Solvent
    pH Scale
    Acid Precipitation

2.3 Organic Molecules

  • Macromolecules are polymers that arise when their specific monomers (unit molecules) join together.
  1. Describe an organic molecule.
    Answer

  2. What types of bonds do organic molecules contain?
    Answer

Essential Study Partner
    Organic Chemistry

General Biology Weblinks
    Biochemistry

2.4 Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates function as a ready source of energy in most organisms.
  • Glucose is a simple sugar; starch, glycogen, and cellulose are polymers of glucose.
  • Cellulose lends structural support to plant cell walls.
  1. List several functions of carbohydrates in animal and plant cells.
    Answer

  2. What monomer makes up carbohydrates?
    Answer

Essential Study Partner
    Carbohydrates

Art Quizzes
    Disaccharides

2.5 Lipids

  • Lipids are varied molecules.
  • Fats and oils, which function in long-term energy storage, are composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.
  • Sex hormones are derived from cholesterol, a complex ring compound.
  1. How do saturated fatty acids differ from unsaturated fatty acids?
    Answer

  2. How does the structure of fats differ from that of phospholipids?
    Answer

Essential Study Partner
    Lipids

Art Quizzes
    Saturated and Unsaturated Fats

2.6 Proteins

  • Proteins help form structures (e.g., muscles and membranes) and function as enzymes.
  • Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
  1. What are some of the many functions of proteins in cells?
    Answer

  2. Why does denaturation of a protein cause it to stop functioning?
    Answer

Essential Study Partner
    Proteins

Explorations
    How Proteins Function

General Biology Weblinks
    Protein Structure and Function

Art Quizzes
    Peptide Bond

2.7 Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
  • The human genome is composed of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA specifies the correct ordering of amino acids into proteins, with RNA as intermediary.
  1. Are the building blocks of nucleic acids the same for RNA and DNA?
    Answer

  2. What is the role of the nucleotide ATP in the cell?
    Answer

Essential Study Partner
    Nucleic Acids

Art Quizzes
    DNA Structure








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