20.1 Endocrine Glands

• Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream and are thereby distributed to target organs or tissues.

1. How are the effects of hormones regulated?
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    Introduction
    Human System Overview
    Endocrine Glands

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The Endocrine System (29.0K)

20.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

• The hypothalamus, a part of the brain, controls the function of the pituitary gland, which consists of the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary.
• The anterior pituitary produces several hormones, some of which control other endocrine glands.

1. By what means does the hypothalamus control the releases of the anterior pituitary and of the posterior pituitary?
   Answer
   
   
2. What anterior pituitary hormone influences skeletal and muscular growth?
   Answer
   
   

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    The Hypothalamus
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    Anterior Pituitary Control by Hypothalamus

20.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

• The thyroid produces hormones that speed metabolism and another that lowers the blood calcium level. Antagonistic to this activity, parathyroid glands produce a hormone that raises the blood calcium level.

1. What is the primary effect of T₃ and T₄ on body cells?
   Answer
   
   
2. How do calcitonin and parathyroid hormone influence blood calcium levels?
   Answer
   
   

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20.4 Adrenal Glands

• The adrenal glands produce hormones that help us respond to stress.

1. What hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?
   Answer
   
   
2. What do the mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids do to maintain homeostasis?
   Answer
   
   

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20.5 Pancreas

• The pancreas secretes hormones that help regulate the blood glucose level.
• Diabetes mellitus occurs when cells are unable to take up glucose and it spills over into the urine.

1. What are the effects of glucagon and insulin on blood glucose and when are these hormones released?
   Answer
   
   
2. How do the causes of type I and type II diabetes differ?
   Answer
   
   

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20.6 Other Endocrine Glands

• Many other tissues, although not traditionally considered endocrine glands, secrete hormones.

1. What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and what is its effect?
   Answer
   
   
2. What is the effect of leptin, a hormone released by adipose tissue?
   Answer
   
   

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    Hormonal Control of Metamorphosis

20.7 Chemical Signals

• Hormones are chemical signals that influence the metabolism of their target cells.

1. What is the role of cAMP in the action of peptide hormones?
   Answer
   
   

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    Hormone Action
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