9.1 Plant Organs

• Flowering plants have a root system that contains the roots and a shoot system that contains the stems and the leaves.
• Flowering plants are classified into two groups, the monocots and the eudicots.

1. List several functions of roots.
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2. How are underground stems differentiated from roots?
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3. What are cotyledons?
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4. What is the significance of the division between monocots and eudicots?
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Essential Study Partner
    Plant Organs - Introduction

Labeling Exercise
Organization of Plant Body (27.0K)

9.2 Plant Tissues

• Plant cells can be organized into three types of tissues: epidermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue.

1. List three types of ground tissue cells and state their functions.
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2. Where is vascular tissue located in the various plant organs?
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Essential Study Partner
    Ground Tissue
    Dermal Tissue
    Vascular Tissue

Art Quiz
    Plasmodesmata

Animation Quiz
    Vascular System of Plants

9.3 Organization of Leaves

1. The bulk of a leaf is composed of cells that perform gas exchange and carry on photosynthesis.
2. Leaves are diverse; some conserve water, some help a plant climb and some help a plant capture food.

1. Why are parenchyma cells within the spongy mesophyll loosely arranged instead of tightly packed?
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Essential Study Partner
    Leaves

Animation Quiz
    Effect of Water on Leaves

Labeling Exercises
Leaf Structure (0.0K)

9.4 Organization of Stems

• Eudicot and monocot herbaceous stems differ in the organization of their vascular tissue.
• All stems grow in length but some plants are woody and grow in girth also.
• Stems are diverse and some plants have horizontal aboveground or underground stems.

1. How do herbaceous stems differ from woody stems?
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2. What type of tissue is the bark of a tree?
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Essential Study Partner
    Stems
    Cambia

Animation Quiz
    Girth Increase in Woody Eudicots

Labeling Exercises
Stem Tip (21.0K)
Herbaceous Eudicot Stem Anatomy (0.0K)
Woody Eudicot Stem (1) (37.0K)
Woody Eudicot Stem (2) (0.0K)
Woody Eudicot Stem (3) (0.0K)
Secondary Growth in a Stem (0.0K)

9.5 Organization of Roots

• In longitudinal section, a eudicot root tip has a zone where new cells are produced, another where they elongate, and another where they differentiate and mature.
• In cross section, eudicot and monocot roots differ in the organization of their vascular tissue.
• Some plants have a taproot, others a fibrous root, and others have adventitious roots.

1. From what region does a root elongate, and from where can it send out lateral roots?
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2. What is the significance of having different types of roots in different plants?
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Essential Study Partner
    Roots
    Meristems

Labeling Exercises
Eudicot Root Tip (35.0K)
Primary Meristems (14.0K)

9.6 Uptake and Transport of Nutrients

• Transpiration (evaporation of water) pulls water and minerals from the roots to the leaves in xylem.
• Stomata must be open for evaporation to occur.
• Osmotic pressure pushes organic nutrients in phloem, from where these nutrients are made to where they are used or stored.

1. How does transpiration help water rise in xylem to the top of the plant?
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2. What are two symbiotic relationships that help plants take up nutrients from the soil?
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Essential Study Partner
    Uptake by Roots
    Water Movement
    Nutrients

Art Quizzes
    Mass-Flow Hypothesis
    Mineral Transport in Roots
    Stoma