Please answer all questions

1		Water functions to:
			A)	regulate temperature.
			B)	participate in chemical reactions.
			C)	lubricate joints.
			D)	all of the above.
2		Most water is lost daily via:
			A)	the skin.
			B)	the lungs.
			C)	urine.
			D)	feces.
3		There are times when the thirst mechanism is not reliable. Which of the following is not one of those?
			A)	vigorous exercise
			B)	excessive sodium intake
			C)	illness (especially in children)
			D)	older adult years
4		Which mineral is found in high concentrations in soft water?
			A)	chlorine
			B)	potassium
			C)	magnesium
			D)	sodium
5		Which of the following is not a function of water in the body?
			A)	acts as an antioxidant
			B)	allows for the excretion of wastes
			C)	allows for the transport of many nutrients
			D)	helps dissolve certain substances
6		Chlorine is added to drinking water to kill bacteria, but it is unable to kill:
			A)	cryptosporidium.
			B)	salmonella.
			C)	E coli.
			D)	none of the above.
7		The sodium content of the diet of most Americans is __________ of the amount needed in the body.
			A)	slightly in excess
			B)	only a small percentage
			C)	equal
			D)	much in excess
8		The movement of water from a less concentrated to a more concentrated solution is driven by:
			A)	osmolality.
			B)	diuresis.
			C)	osmosis.
			D)	bioavailability.
9		Edema represents:
			A)	fluid loss from dehydration.
			B)	too much base in body fluids.
			C)	fluid in the extracellular space.
			D)	too much acid in body fluids.
10		Electrolytes function to:
			A)	maintain electrical balance throughout the body.
			B)	aid in water balance.
			C)	promote muscle contraction.
			D)	all of the above.
11		Which hormone is most important in maintaining sodium balance in the body?
			A)	insulin
			B)	glucagon
			C)	aldosterone
			D)	calcitonin
12		All of the following affect urine output except:
			A)	protein
			B)	water
			C)	fat
			D)	sodium (salt)
13		The cation (positive ion) found in highest concentration in intracellular fluid (inside the cell) is:
			A)	sodium.
			B)	chloride.
			C)	phosphorus.
			D)	potassium.
14		Significant food sources of potassium do not include:
			A)	orange juice.
			B)	dried fruits.
			C)	bananas.
			D)	cheese.
15		Chloride:
			A)	is the body's principal intracellular electrolyte.
			B)	is necessary to bind calcium ions.
			C)	protects bone structures against decalcification.
			D)	helps maintain gastric acidity.
16		Calcium is used in the body for:
			A)	enzyme regulation in cells.
			B)	excitability of nerves and muscles.
			C)	blood coagulation.
			D)	all of the above.
17		Calcium absorption is aided by:
			A)	vitamin D.
			B)	phosphorus and fiber.
			C)	oxalate and phytate.
			D)	all of the above.
18		If not enough calcium is consumed:
			A)	heart rate will slow.
			B)	calcium will be removed from bone.
			C)	nerve impulses will cease.
			D)	caries will occur in the teeth.
19		Which of the following factors below does not explain the high incidence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women?
			A)	Women have higher intakes of calcium than men.
			B)	Women are living longer today.
			C)	Weight reduction diets are common among women.
			D)	Reduction of estrogen production after menopause leads to bone loss.
20		Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to:
			A)	maintain blood clotting.
			B)	strengthen bones and teeth.
			C)	provide energy for cells.
			D)	regulate the transmission of nerve impulses.
21		The concentration of calcium in the blood is determined by:
			A)	the dietary intake of calcium.
			B)	calcitonin.
			C)	parathyroid hormone.
			D)	A and B
			E)	B and C
22		The Adequate Intake for calcium for an adult can essentially be met by consuming __________ as part of an otherwise varied diet.
			A)	1 cup of spinach
			B)	2 cups of milk
			C)	1 quart of milk
			D)	a variety of plant foods
23		Which of the following has the most significant effect on the absorption and utilization of calcium?
			A)	oxalic acid
			B)	1,25(OH)2 vitamin D
			C)	fatty acids
			D)	phytic acid
24		Which of the following is the best food source of calcium?
			A)	tomato juice
			B)	butter
			C)	spinach
			D)	yogurt
25		Which of the following is a characteristic of trabecular bone?
			A)	an outer surface of bone
			B)	dense calcium structure
			C)	found in shafts of bones
			D)	forms internal scaffolding network of bone
26		What are the especially critical years for laying down bone mass for the remainder of life?
			A)	birth - 5 years
			B)	10 - 18 years
			C)	up to age 50
			D)	birth - 10 years
27		Most of the dietary phosphorus for Americans comes from:
			A)	fruits and vegetables.
			B)	dairy products and meat.
			C)	whole grains.
			D)	sugar and fat.
28		The mineral that is part of the green pigment, chlorophyll, is:
			A)	magnesium.
			B)	calcium.
			C)	iron.
			D)	selenium.
29		The pressure against arterial walls as the heart pumps blood is the:
			A)	systolic pressure.
			B)	relaxation pressure.
			C)	diastolic pressure.
			D)	lower number on a blood pressure reading.
30		Heart failure may result from a lack of:
			A)	magnesium and potassium.
			B)	calcium and phosphorus.
			C)	chloride and sulfur.
			D)	sodium and sulfur.
31		Magnesium functions:
			A)	in prevention of edema.
			B)	as a catalyst in energy metabolism.
			C)	as part of the parathyroid hormone.
			D)	in the transport of oxygen.
32		Whole grains, broccoli, squash, bran, nuts, and seeds are excellent sources of:
			A)	chloride
			B)	phosphorus
			C)	calcium
			D)	magnesium