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Expanded Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1Introduction:
Some Background Basics 1
Focus Preview 1
Getting Started 2
Evolution of the Discipline 2
Geography and Human Geography 4
Human Geography 5
Background Basics 5
Basic Geographic Concepts 5
Location, Direction, and Distance 8
Location 8
Direction 10
Distance 10
Size and Scale 11
Physical and Cultural Attributes 12
The Changing Attributes of Place 13
Interrelations between Places 14
The Structured Content of Place 14
Density 15
Dispersion 15
Pattern 15
Place Similarity and Regions 15
The Characteristics of Regions 17
Types of Regions 17
Maps 19
Map Scale 19
The Globe Grid 19
How Maps Show Data 20
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 22
Mental Maps 26
Systems, Maps, and Models 28
The Structure of This Book 28
Summary 29
Key Words 30
For Review 30
Focus Follow-up 31
Selected References 31
Themes and Fundamentals of Human Geography 33CHAPTER 2Roots and Meaning of Culture 35--
Focus Preview 35
Components of Culture 37
Interaction of People and Environment 39
Environments as Controls 39
Human Impacts 40
Roots of Culture 43
Seeds of Change 46
Agricultural Origins and Spread 46
Neolithic Innovations 48
Culture Hearths 49
The Structure of Culture 52
Culture Change 55
Innovation 55
Diffusion 56
Acculturation and Cultural Modification 58
Contact between Regions 61
Summary 62
Key Words 63
For Review 63
Focus Follow-up 64
Selected References 64
CHAPTER 3Spatial Interaction And Spatial Behavior 65--
Focus Preview 65
Bases for Interaction 67
A Summarizing Model 67
Complementarity 67
Transferability 68
Intervening Opportunity 68
Measuring Interaction 68
Distance Decay 68
The Gravity Concept 69
Interaction Potential 70
Movement Biases 71
Human Spatial Behavior 71
Individual Activity Space 72
The Tyranny of Time 74
Distance and Human Interaction 74
Spatial Interaction and the Accumulation of Information 76
Information flows 78
Information and Perception 79
Perception of Environment 80
Perception of Natural Hazards 82
Migration 84
Principal Migration Patterns 85
Types of Migration 86
Controls on Migration 87
Summary 94
Key Words 96
For Review 96
Focus Follow-up 96
Selected References 97
CHAPTER 4Population: World Patterns, Regional Trends 99
Focus Preview 99
Population Growth 100
Some Population Definitions 102
Birth Rates 102
Fertility Rates 104
Death Rates 108
Population Pyramids 111
Natural Increase 114
Doubling Times 114
The Demographic Transition 116
The Western Experience 117
A Divided World Converging 118
The Demographic Equation 122
Population Relocation 122
Immigration Impacts 122
World Population Distribution 123
Population Density 125
Overpopulation 126
Urbanization 128
Population Data and Projections 128
Population Data 128
Population Projections 129
Population Controls 130
Population Prospects 133
Summary 134
Key Words 136
For Review 136
Focus Follow-up 137
Selected References 137
Patterns of Diversity and Unity 139CHAPTER 5Language and Religion: Mosaics of Culture 141
Focus Preview 141
The Geography of Language 143
Classification of Languages 143
Language Spread 149
Language Change 150
The Story of English 151
Standard and Variant Languages 152
Standard Language 152
Dialects 153
Dialects in America 155
Pidgins and Creoles 157
Lingua Franca 157
Official Languages 157
Language, Territoriality, and Identity 160
Language on the Landscape: Toponymy 162
Patterns of Religion 163
Religion and Culture 164
Classification of Religion 165
Patterns and Flows 165
The World Pattern 166
The Principal Religions 167
Judaism 167
Christianity 168
Regions and Landscapes of Christianity 170
Islam 174
Hinduism 177
Buddhism 177
East Asian Ethnic Religions 180
Summary 182
Key Words 184
For Review 184
Focus Follow-up 185
Selected References 185
CHAPTER 6Ethnic Geography: Threads of Diversity 187
Focus Preview 187
Ethnic Diversity and Separatism 189
Immigration Streams 191
Acculturation and Assimilation 195
A real Expressions of Ethnicity 197
Charter Cultures 199
Ethnic Clusters 199
Black Dispersions 201
Hispanic Concentrations 203
Asian Contrasts 205
French Uniformity 206
Urban Ethnic Diversity and Segregation 207
External Controls 209
Internal Controls 209
Shifting Ethnic Concentrations 210
Typologies and Spatial Results 211
Native-Born Dispersals 213
Cultural Transfer 215
The Ethnic Landscape 216
Land Survey 216
Settlement Patterns 219
Ethnic Regionalism 220
Summary 223
Key Words 224
For Review 224
Focus Follow-up 225
Selected References 226
CHAPTER 7Folk and Popular Culture: Diversity and Uniformity 227
Focus Preview 227
Folk Cultural Diversity and Regionalism 229
Anglo American Hearths 230
Folk Building Traditions 232
The Northern Hearths 234
The Lower St. Lawrence Valley 234
Southern New England 237
The Middle Atlantic Hearths 237
The Delaware Valley 238
Chesapeake Bay 238
The Southern Hearths 238
The Southern Tidewater 239
The Mississippi Delta 239
Interior and Western Hearths 239
Architectural Diffusions 240
Folk Fencing in Anglo America 241
Nonmaterial Folk Culture 242
Folk Food and Drink Preferences 244
Folk and Customary Foods 244
Drink 245
Folk Music 246
Folk Medicines and Cures 248
The Oral Folk Tradition 249
Folk Cultural Regions of Eastern United States 249
The Passing of Folk Cultural Regionalism 251
Patterns of Popular Culture 251
National Uniformities and Globalization 253
The Shopping Mall 254
Outside the Mall 256
Diffusion Tracks 257
Regional Emphasis 259
Vernacular Regions 259
Summary 263
Key Words 264
For Review 264
Focus Follow-up 264
Selected References 265
Dynamic Patterns of the Space Economy 267CHAPTER 8Livelihood and Economy: Primary Activities 269
Focus Preview 269
The Classification of Economic Activity and Economies 270
Categories of Activity 271
Types of Economic Systems 273
Primary Activities: Agriculture 274
Subsistence Agriculture 276
Extensive Subsistence Agriculture 276
Intensive Subsistence Systems 278
Urban Subsistence Farming 280
Costs of Territorial Extension 282
Intensification and the Green Revolution 282
Commercial Agriculture 286
Production Controls 286
A Model of Agricultural Location 287
Intensive Commercial Agriculture 288
Extensive Commercial Agriculture 289
Special Crops 292
Agriculture in Planned Economies 293
Primary Activities: Resource Exploitation 295
Resource Terminology 295
Fishing 296
Forestry 298
Mining and Quarrying 300
Metallic Minerals 302
Nonmetallic Minerals 304
Mineral Fuels 304
Trade in Primary Products 308
Summary 310
Key Words 311
For Review 311
Focus Follow-up 312
Selected References 313
CHAPTER 9Livelihood and Economy: From Blue Collar to Gold Collar 315
Focus Preview 315
Components of the Space Economy 316
Concepts and Controls 317
Secondary Activities: Manufacturing 318
Locational Decisions in Manufacturing 318
Principles of Location 319
Raw Materials 320
Power Supply 320
Labor 320
Market 321
Transportation 321
Transportation and Location 324
Industrial Location Theories 325
Least-Cost Theory 326
Locational Interdependence Theory 326
Profit-Maximization Approaches 327
Other Locational Considerations and Controls 328
Agglomeration Economies 328
Just-in-Time and Flexible Production 329
Comparative Advantage 330
Imposed Considerations 331
Transnational Corporations 333
World Manufacturing Patterns and Trends 333
Anglo America 335
Western and Central Europe 337
Eastern Europe 337
Eastern Asia 338
High-Tech Patterns 340
Tertiary and Beyond 343
Tertiary Services 344
Beyond Tertiary 346
Services in World Trade 347
Summary 351
Key Words 351
For Review 352
Focus Follow-up 352
Selected References 353
CHAPTER 10Patterns of Development and Change 355
Focus Preview 355
Development as a Cultural Variable 357
Dividing the Continuum: Definitions of Development 357
Explanations of Underdevelopment 358
The Core-Periphery Argument 360
Economic Measures of Development 361
The Diffusion of Technology 363
The Complex of Development 365
Gross National Product and PPP per Capita 366
Energy Consumption per Capita 368
Percentage of the Workforce Engaged in Agriculture 368
Landlessness 369
Poverty, Calories, and Nutrition 372
Composite Assessment of Economic Development 373
A Model for Economic Development 374
Noneconomic Measures of Development 376
Education 377
Public Services 378
Health 378
Aggregate Measures of Development and Well-Being 380
The Role of Women 383
Summary 387
Key Words 390
For Review 390
Focus Follow-up 391
Selected References 392
Landscapes of Functional Organization 393CHAPTER 11Urban Systems and Urban Structures 395
Focus Preview 395
The Urbanizing Century 397
Megacities and Merging Metropolises 397
Settlement Roots 401
The Nature of Cities 403
Some Definitions 404
The Location of Urban Settlements 405
The Functions of Cities 405
The Economic Base 405
Base Ratios 406
Systems of Urban Settlements 409
The Urban Hierarchy 410
Rank-Size and Primacy 410
World Cities 411
Urban Influence Zones 412
Central Places 412
Network Cities 414
Inside the City 414
The Competitive Bidding for Land 415
Land Values and Population Density 417
Models of Urban Land Use Structure 418
Social Areas of Cities 420
Social Status 420
Family Status 420
Ethnicity 421
Institutional Controls 422
Suburbanization in the United States 423
Central City Change 426
Constricted Central Cities 426
Expanding Central Cities 430
World Urban Diversity 431
The Anglo American City 431
The West European City 431
The East European City 434
Cities in the Developing World 434
The Asian City and African City 436
The Latin American City 439
Summary 442
Key Words 442
For Review 443
Focus Follow-up 443
Selected References 444
CHAPTER 12The Political Ordering of Space 445
Focus Preview 445
National Political Systems 447
States, Nations, and Nation-States 447
The Evolution of the Modern State 449
Geographic Characteristics of States 450
Size 450
Shape 452
Location 454
Cores and Capitals 455
Boundaries: The Limits of the State 457
Classification of Boundaries 457
Boundary Disputes 459
Centripetal Forces: Promoting State Cohesion 460
Nationalism 460
Organization and Administration 462
Transportation and Communication 462
Centrifugal Forces: Challenges to State Authority 464
The Projection of Power 465
Geopolitical Assessments 466
International Political Systems 467
Supranationalism 467
The United Nations and Its Agencies 468
Maritime Boundaries 469
An International Law of the Sea 469
Regional Alliances 472
Economic Alliances 472
Military and Political Alliances 475
Local and Regional Political Organization 475
The Geography of Representation: The Districting Problem 476
The Fragmentation of Political Power 477
Summary 482
Key Words 482
For Review 483
Focus Follow-up 483
Selected References 484
Human Actions and Environmental Impacts 485CHAPTER 13Human Impacts on Natural Systems 487
Focus Preview 487
Physical Environments and Cultural Impacts 488
Climates, Biomes, and Change 489
Global Warming 492
Acid Rain 498
The Trouble with Ozone 500
Land Use and Land Cover 502
Tropical Deforestation 503
Desertification 505
Soil Erosion 508
Water Supply and Water Quality 510
Patterns of Availability 511
Water Use and Abuse 512
Garbage Heaps and Toxic Wastes 515
Solid Wastes and Rubbish 516
Landfill Disposal 516
Incineration 516
Ocean Dumping 518
Toxic wastes 519
Radioactive Wastes 519
Exporting Waste 520
Prospects and Perspectives 523
Summary 524
Key Words 525
For Review 525
Focus Follow-up 526
Selected References 527
AppendicesA: Map Projections 529
B: 2001 World Population Data 539
C: Anglo America Reference Map 545
Glossary 547Credits 563Index 565 |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education