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1 | |
Emotion is a mixture of: |
| | A) | unconscious and universal processes. |
| | B) | conscious experience and unconscious processes. |
| | C) | physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression. |
| | D) | physiological arousal, unconscious processes, and behavioral expression. |
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2 | |
_________ are the first language with which infants and parents communicate. |
| | A) | Emotions |
| | B) | Facial expressions |
| | C) | Words |
| | D) | Gazes |
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3 | |
Carroll Izard (1982) developed the Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX), which is a system designed to measure: |
| | A) | attention. |
| | B) | emotion. |
| | C) | memory. |
| | D) | fear. |
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4 | |
Which of the following emotions develops before the others? |
| | A) | guilt |
| | B) | contempt |
| | C) | surprise |
| | D) | shame |
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5 | |
Which cry is a rhythmic pattern consisting of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter inspiratory whistle somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry? |
| | A) | basic |
| | B) | anger |
| | C) | pain |
| | D) | colicky |
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6 | |
The __________ smile appears in response to an external stimulus. |
| | A) | social |
| | B) | internal |
| | C) | reflexive |
| | D) | universal |
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7 | |
Which of the following situations is MOST likely to produce stranger anxiety in an infant? |
| | A) | sitting on the mother's lap |
| | B) | meeting a stranger in a research laboratory |
| | C) | meeting a stranger in the infant's home |
| | D) | encountering a stranger who smiles |
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8 | |
One-year-old Taisha begins to scream and cry when her parents leave her with a babysitter, while Taisha's older brother and sister run to get a game they enjoy playing with this sitter. Taisha's behavior: |
| | A) | is normal for her age. |
| | B) | suggests the babysitter is abusing the child. |
| | C) | needs discipline. |
| | D) | suggests she should see a therapist. |
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9 | |
Which child is MOST likely to use social referencing? |
| | A) | Six-month-old Angelica, whose mother is very angry |
| | B) | Nine-month-old Belinda, whose mother is extremely happy |
| | C) | Twelve-month-old Carrie, whose mother is frightened |
| | D) | Fifteen-month-old Danielle, whose mother is startled |
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10 | |
Temperament is best defined as: |
| | A) | the way an individual reacts to a special person in the environment. |
| | B) | an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of emotional responding. |
| | C) | the emotions experienced by infants and children. |
| | D) | the reaction displayed by a parent when a child engages in an unwanted activity. |
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11 | |
Chess and Thomas believe the _________ child is the most typical temperament. |
| | A) | easy |
| | B) | feisty |
| | C) | difficult |
| | D) | slow-to-warm-up |
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12 | |
The revised classifications of temperament proposed by Rothbart and Bates (1998) include all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | positive affect and approach. |
| | B) | negative affectivity. |
| | C) | emotionality. |
| | D) | effortful control. |
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13 | |
Temperament experts Ann Sanson and Mary Rothbart (1995) concluded that: |
| | A) | we are now able to define what is involved in "good parenting." |
| | B) | parents should refrain from structuring their child's environment. |
| | C) | researchers have not yet developed any effective programs for dealing with the "difficult child." |
| | D) | parents need to be sensitive to their infant's signals and needs. |
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14 | |
Erikson (1968) believed that infants learn _________ when they are cared for in a consistent, warm manner. |
| | A) | trust |
| | B) | autonomy |
| | C) | independence |
| | D) | attachment |
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15 | |
The human infant learns to recognize his or her image in a mirror at approximately ________ months. |
| | A) | 2 |
| | B) | 6 |
| | C) | 9 |
| | D) | 18 |
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16 | |
According to Erik Erikson, children will develop an excessive sense of shame and a sense of doubt about their abilities under all of the following circumstances, EXCEPT when: |
| | A) | impatient parents do things children can do for themselves. |
| | B) | children are consistently overprotected. |
| | C) | accidents the children have had or caused are criticized. |
| | D) | children are allowed to express their emotions. |
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17 | |
__________ is a close emotional connection between the infant and the caregiver. |
| | A) | Bonding |
| | B) | Attachment |
| | C) | Closeness |
| | D) | Security |
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18 | |
The research of Harry Harlow and Robert Zimmerman (1959) found that the critical element in the attachment process is: |
| | A) | oral satisfaction. |
| | B) | contact comfort. |
| | C) | feeding the infant. |
| | D) | consistent interaction. |
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19 | |
Erik Erikson believed the __________ stage is the most relevant for the formation of attachment. |
| | A) | anal |
| | B) | phallic |
| | C) | trust versus mistrust |
| | D) | autonomy versus shame and doubt |
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20 | |
Randy, a normal infant, now has increased locomotor skills, so he actively seeks contact with his mother and father. Randy is in which phase of attachment? |
| | A) | phase 1 |
| | B) | phase 2 |
| | C) | phase 3 |
| | D) | phase 4 |
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21 | |
Mary Ainsworth believes that attachment security depends on: |
| | A) | how sensitive and responsive the caregiver is to infant signals. |
| | B) | the mother's love and concern for the welfare of her child. |
| | C) | the consistency of parental responses during the child care routine. |
| | D) | reinforcement of attachment behaviors by the caregiver. |
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22 | |
Researchers suggest that secure attachment: |
| | A) | is essential to adult social competence. |
| | B) | is not essential, but is a factor in adult social competence. |
| | C) | is not an important factor in adult social competence. |
| | D) | cannot easily be connected to adult social competence. |
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23 | |
Jerome Kagan has emphasized the importance of _________ as a determinant of social competence. |
| | A) | bonding |
| | B) | temperament |
| | C) | peer responsiveness |
| | D) | learning |
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24 | |
Reciprocal socialization is best defined in which of the following ways? |
| | A) | Children are products of their parents' socialization techniques. |
| | B) | Parents are products of their children's socialization techniques. |
| | C) | Socialization is bidirectional. |
| | D) | The interactions that children have with people other than their parents determine how they will be socialized. |
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25 | |
Studies of reciprocal socialization during infancy reveal that __________ plays an important role in socialization. |
| | A) | breast-feeding |
| | B) | mutual gaze |
| | C) | trust |
| | D) | attachment |
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26 | |
One of the functions of scaffolding is to: |
| | A) | introduce infants to interactive games. |
| | B) | provide a parent support network. |
| | C) | teach infants effective social interactions. |
| | D) | ensure that parents know how to care for their infants. |
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27 | |
In maternal and paternal infant interactions: |
| | A) | fathers' interactions are more likely to include rough-and-tumble play. |
| | B) | fathers' interactions are more likely to center around child care activities. |
| | C) | fathers are less able than mothers to act sensitively and responsively with their infants. |
| | D) | no big differences are seen in mothers' and fathers' interactions with infants in today's "typical" American family. |
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28 | |
In a Swedish study where mothers work and fathers stay home with the baby, the fathers: |
| | A) | reverse roles and behave like the typical mother in many respects. |
| | B) | interact with their babies in the usual fatherly manner. |
| | C) | are more likely to discipline and comfort the infant than the mothers. |
| | D) | play with their infants in a less physical manner than do the mothers. |
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29 | |
Day care for American children: |
| | A) | is primarily provided by large day care centers. |
| | B) | is least often provided in private homes. |
| | C) | is run by nonprofit organizations. |
| | D) | varies extensively. |
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30 | |
In his research concerning the effects of child care on children, Kagan found in the experimental program at Harvard that: |
| | A) | day care had long-term, detrimental effects on children. |
| | B) | day care had no observed adverse effects. |
| | C) | day care facilitated development. |
| | D) | the effects of day care depend on the length and type of care given. |
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31 | |
A longitudinal study by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD) assessed the child care experiences of children and their development and found all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | infants from low-income families were more likely to receive low-quality child care than their higher-income counterparts. |
| | B) | child care did not adversely affect the security of infants' attachments to their mothers. |
| | C) | the quality of child care was linked with fewer child problems. |
| | D) | children reared in the exclusive care of their mothers had higher cognitive abilities. |
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education