 |
| 1 | |
__________ accounts for about 40% of the total body weight. |
| | A) | Extracellular fluid |
| | B) | Interstitial fluid |
| | C) | Intracellular fluid |
| | D) | Plasma |
|
|
|
| 2 | |
Intracellular fluid |
| | A) | comprises a smaller percentage of body weight than extracellular fluid. |
| | B) | has a lower concentration of sodium ions than extracellular fluid. |
| | C) | has a lower concentration of potassium ions than extracellular fluid. |
| | D) | has a higher concentration of calcium ions than extracellular fluid. |
| | E) | all of these |
|
|
|
| 3 | |
If the solute concentration in the extracellular fluid decreases, water |
| | A) | moves into the cells. |
| | B) | moves out of the cells. |
| | C) | moves out of the blood. |
| | D) | will not move. |
|
|
|
| 4 | |
Approximately 90-95% of the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid is caused by ______ and the negative ions associated with them. |
| | A) | Ca2+ ions |
| | B) | K+ ions |
| | C) | Mg2+ ions |
| | D) | Na+ ions |
|
|
|
| 5 | |
In the body, the dominant extracellular cations are |
| | A) | Ca2+ ions. |
| | B) | K+ ions. |
| | C) | Mg2+ ions. |
| | D) | Na+ ions. |
| | E) | Cl- ions. |
|
|
|
| 6 | |
Large organic molecules such as proteins are not usually found in the |
| | A) | interstitial fluid. |
| | B) | intracellular fluid. |
| | C) | plasma. |
|
|
|
| 7 | |
Increased blood pressure stimulates the release of |
| | A) | aldosterone. |
| | B) | ADH. |
| | C) | atrial natriuretic hormone. |
| | D) | renin. |
| | E) | angiotensin II. |
|
|
|
| 8 | |
The most important regulator of blood osmolality is |
| | A) | aldosterone. |
| | B) | ADH. |
| | C) | atrial natriuretic hormone. |
| | D) | renin. |
| | E) | angiotensin II. |
|
|
|
| 9 | |
If blood pressure decreases, blood levels of __________ increase. |
| | A) | aldosterone |
| | B) | angiotensin II |
| | C) | ADH |
| | D) | renin |
| | E) | all of these |
|
|
|
| 10 | |
Which ions are most important for establishing the resting membrane potential (RMP)? |
| | A) | Ca2+ ions |
| | B) | Cl- ions |
| | C) | K+ ions |
| | D) | Mg2+ ions |
| | E) | Na+ ions |
|
|
|
| 11 | |
__________ plays a major role in regulating the concentration of K+ ions in the extracellular fluid by increasing the rate of K+ ion secretion in the distal tubule and collecting duct. |
| | A) | Aldosterone |
| | B) | Angiotensin II |
| | C) | ADH |
| | D) | Atrial natriuretic hormone |
| | E) | Renin |
|
|
|
| 12 | |
Aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by angiotensin II and |
| | A) | elevated blood Na+ ion levels. |
| | B) | decreased blood Cl- ion levels. |
| | C) | elevated blood K+ ion levels. |
| | D) | decreased blood Ca2+ ion levels. |
| | E) | elevated blood pressure. |
|
|
|
| 13 | |
Parathyroid hormone __________ blood calcium levels and calcitonin __________ blood calcium levels. |
| | A) | decreases, decreases |
| | B) | decreases, increases |
| | C) | increases, decreases |
| | D) | increases, increases |
|
|
|
| 14 | |
__________ is necessary for the transport of Ca2+ ions across the wall of the intestinal tract. |
| | A) | Calcitonin |
| | B) | PTH |
| | C) | Aldosterone |
| | D) | Angiotensin II |
| | E) | Vitamin D |
|
|
|
| 15 | |
Hypocalcemia has which of these symptoms? |
| | A) | anorexia |
| | B) | constipation |
| | C) | fatigue |
| | D) | muscle spasms |
| | E) | kidney stones |
|
|
|
| 16 | |
The major mechanism that controls plasma levels of calcium ions is |
| | A) | the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism. |
| | B) | the phosphate transport mechanism in the nephron. |
| | C) | atrial natriuretic hormone secretion. |
| | D) | ADH secretion. |
| | E) | parathyroid hormone secretion. |
|
|
|
| 17 | |
The most abundant negatively charged ion in the extracellular fluid is |
| | A) | ammonium. |
| | B) | bicarbonate |
| | C) | chloride. |
| | D) | sulfate. |
|
|
|
| 18 | |
Loss of a large volume of sweat results in the body fluids becoming __________ which causes __________ in plasma volume. |
| | A) | hypertonic, a decrease |
| | B) | hypertonic, an increase |
| | C) | isotonic, no change |
| | D) | hypotonic, a decrease |
| | E) | hypotonic, an increase |
|
|
|
| 19 | |
Thirst is stimulated by |
| | A) | increased osmolality of the blood. |
| | B) | decreased blood volume. |
| | C) | increased angiotensin II. |
| | D) | all of these |
|
|
|
| 20 | |
Which of these normally represents the SMALLEST source of water loss from the body? |
| | A) | evaporation |
| | B) | feces |
| | C) | sensible and insensible perspiration |
| | D) | urine |
|
|
|
| 21 | |
During conditions of severe dehydration, hematocrit __________ , which results in a(n) __________ in blood viscosity. |
| | A) | decreases, decrease |
| | B) | decreases, increase |
| | C) | increases, decrease |
| | D) | increases, increase |
|
|
|
| 22 | |
The ____________ are the primary organs that regulate the composition and volume of body fluids. |
| | A) | kidneys |
| | B) | lungs |
| | C) | blood vessels |
| | D) | intestines |
| | E) | liver and gall bladder |
|
|
|
| 23 | |
Which of these conditions produces a large volume of dilute urine? |
| | A) | decreased ADH secretion |
| | B) | increased renin secretion |
| | C) | increased angiotensin II production |
| | D) | increased aldosterone secretion |
| | E) | all of these |
|
|
|
| 24 | |
An acid |
| | A) | has a pH below 7. |
| | B) | that completely dissociates in solution is a strong acid. |
| | C) | releases hydrogen ions into a solution. |
| | D) | is a compound such as H2CO3. |
| | E) | all of these |
|
|
|
| 25 | |
Which of these is NOT one of the major buffer systems in the body? |
| | A) | lactic acid buffer system |
| | B) | carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system |
| | C) | phosphate buffer system |
| | D) | protein buffer system |
|
|
|
| 26 | |
Buffers |
| | A) | bind to excess H+ ions that are added to a solution. |
| | B) | prevent large changes in body fluid pH. |
| | C) | may involve weak acids. |
| | D) | release H+ ions when H+ ion concentration in a solution falls. |
| | E) | all of these |
|
|
|
| 27 | |
Nephrons directly regulate acid-base balance by |
| | A) | combining H+ ions with Cl- ions. |
| | B) | forming carbon dioxide. |
| | C) | secreting H+ ions into the filtrate. |
| | D) | producing carbonic anhydrase. |
| | E) | producing protein buffers. |
|
|
|
| 28 | |
The major effect of acidosis is the __________ of the nervous system, whereas a major effect of alkalosis is __________ of the nervous system. |
| | A) | depression, hyperexcitability |
| | B) | hyperexcitability, depression |
|
|
|
| 29 | |
The largest buffer system in the body is the |
| | A) | carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system. |
| | B) | phosphate buffer system. |
| | C) | protein buffer system. |
|
|
|
| 30 | |
Respiratory regulation of pH depends upon the |
| | A) | carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system. |
| | B) | phosphate buffer system. |
| | C) | protein buffer system. |
|
|
|
| 31 | |
The reaction between CO2 and H2O is catalyzed by |
| | A) | angiotensin-converting enzyme. |
| | B) | carbonic anhydrase. |
| | C) | sodium bicarbonate. |
| | D) | phosphate. |
| | E) | carbonic acid. |
|
|
|
| 32 | |
When hydrogen ions are secreted into the lumen of the nephron, sodium ions and __________ pass into the extracellular fluid. |
| | A) | chloride ions |
| | B) | potassium ions |
| | C) | calcium ions |
| | D) | bicarbonate ions |
| | E) | sulfate ions |
|
|
|
| 33 | |
Decreased elimination of CO2 from the body causes pH to __________ and can result in __________ . |
| | A) | decrease, acidosis |
| | B) | decrease, alkalosis |
| | C) | increase, acidosis |
| | D) | increase, alkalosis |
|
|
|
| 34 | |
If the pH of the blood decreases, the pH of the urine will |
| | A) | decrease. |
| | B) | increase. |
| | C) | be unaffected. |
|
|
|
| 35 | |
Increased ammonia in the urine and a continuously elevated respiratory rate indicate |
| | A) | respiratory acidosis. |
| | B) | respiratory alkalosis. |
| | C) | metabolic acidosis. |
| | D) | metabolic alkalosis. |
|
|
|
| 36 | |
Which of these is NOT a buffer found in the filtrate of the nephron? |
| | A) | ammonia |
| | B) | bicarbonate |
| | C) | phosphate |
| | D) | protein |
|
|
|
| 37 | |
Alkalosis |
| | A) | occurs when the pH of the body fluids is less than 7.35. |
| | B) | can be caused by hyperventilation. |
| | C) | can occur as a result of anaerobic respiration. |
| | D) | can result from production of urine that has a high pH. |
| | E) | all of these |
|
|
|
| 38 | |
Someone who has untreated diabetes mellitus also likely has |
| | A) | metabolic acidosis. |
| | B) | respiratory acidosis. |
|
|
|
| 39 | |
Hypersecretion of aldosterone causes |
| | A) | increased water retention. |
| | B) | alkalosis. |
| | C) | high blood sodium levels. |
| | D) | all of these |
|
|
|
| 40 | |
Because of greatly decreased PO2, traveling to a very high altitude could cause |
| | A) | metabolic acidosis. |
| | B) | respiratory acidosis. |
| | C) | metabolic alkalosis. |
| | D) | respiratory alkalosis. |
|
|
.