CHAPTER ONE What Is Science? Outline
Objects and Properties
Quantifying Properties A Closer Look: The Measurement Process
Measurement Systems
Standard Units for the Metric System
Length
Mass A Closer Look: The Leap Second
Time
Metric Prefixes
Understandings from Measurements
Data
Ratios and Generalizations
The Density Ratio
Symbols and Equations
Problem Solving Made Easy
The Nature of Science
The Scientific Method
Explanations and Investigations
Laws and Principles
Models and Theories Summary Summary of Equations Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought Parallel Exercises PHYSICS
CHAPTER TWO Motion Outline
Describing Motion
Measuring Motion
Speed
Velocity
Acceleration A Closer Look: Above It All
Forces
Horizontal Motion on Land A Closer Look: A Bicycle Racer's Edge
Falling Objects A Closer Look: Free Fall
Compound Motion
Vertical Projectiles
Horizontal Projectiles
Three Laws of Motion
Newton's First Law of Motion
Newton's Second Law of Motion
Weight and Mass
Newton's Third Law of Motion
Momentum
Conservation of Momentum
Impulse
Forces and Circular Motion
Newton's Law of Gravitation A Closer Look: Space Station Weightlessness People Behind the Science: Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Summary Summary of Equations Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought Parallel Exercises
CHAPTER THREE Energy Outline
Work
Units of Work A Closer Look: Simple Machines
Power
Motion, Position, and Energy
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Energy Flow
Work and Energy
Energy Forms
Energy Conversion
Energy Conservation
Energy Transfer
Energy Sources Today
Petroleum A Closer Look: Solar Technologies
Coal
Moving Water
Nuclear People Behind the Science: James Prescott Joule (1818-1889) Summary Summary of Equations Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought Parallel Exercises
CHAPTER FOUR Heat and Temperature Outline
The Kinetic Molecular Theory
Molecules
Molecules Interact
Phases of Matter
Molecules Move
Temperature
Thermometers
Thermometer Scales
Heat
Heat as Energy Transfer
Heat Defined
Two Heating Methods
Measures of Heat
Specific Heat
Heat Flow
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Energy, Heat, and Molecular Theory
Phase Change A Closer Look: Passive Solar Design
Evaporation and Condensation
Thermodynamics A Closer Look: The Drinking Bird
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
The Second Law and Natural Processes People Behind the Science: Count Rumford (1753-1814) Summary Summary of Equations Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought Parallel Exercises
CHAPTER FIVE Wave Motions and Sound Outline
Forces and Elastic Materials
Forces and Vibrations
Describing Vibrations
Waves
Kinds of Waves
Waves in Air
Hearing Waves in Air A Closer Look: Ultrasonics
Describing Waves
Sound Waves
Velocity of Sound in Air
Refraction and Reflection
Refraction
Reflection
Interference
Constructive and Destructive
Beats
Energy and Sound
Loudness
Resonance
Sources of Sounds
Vibrating Strings
Sounds from Moving Sources A Closer Look: Doppler Radar People Behind the Science: Johann Christian Doppler (1803-1853) Summary Summary of Equations Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought Parallel Exercises
CHAPTER SIX Electricity Outline
Electric Charge
Electron Theory of Charge
Electric Charge and Electrical Forces
Electrostatic Charge
Electrical Conductors and
Insulators
Measuring Electrical Charges
Measuring Electrical Forces
Force Fields
Electric Potential
Electric Current
The Electric Circuit
The Nature of Current
Electrical Resistance A Closer Look: Household Circuits and Safety
Electrical Power and Electrical Work
Magnetism
Magnetic Poles
Magnetic Fields
The Source of Magnetic Fields
Permanent Magnets
Earth's Magnetic Field
Electric Currents and Magnetism
Current Loops
Applications of Electromagnets
Electric Meters
Electromagnetic Switches
Telephones and Loudspeakers
Electric Motors
Electromagnetic Induction
Generators
Transformers A Closer Look: Solar Cells People Behind the Science: Michael Faraday (1791-1867) Summary Summary of Equations Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought Parallel Exercises
CHAPTER SEVEN Light Outline
Sources of Light
Properties of Light
Light Interacts with Matter
Reflection
Refraction
Dispersion and Color A Closer Look: Optics
Evidence for Waves A Closer Look: The Rainbow
Interference A Closer Look: Lasers
Polarization
Evidence for Particles
Photoelectric Effect
Quantization of Energy
The Present Theory A Closer Look: The Compact Disc (CD) A Closer Look: Fiber Optics People Behind the Science: Thomas Young (1773-1829) Summary Summary of Equations Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought Parallel Exercises
CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER EIGHT Atoms and Periodic Properties Outline
Atomic Structure Discovered
Discovery of the Electron
The Nucleus
The Bohr Model
The Quantum Concept
Atomic Spectra
Bohr's Theory
Quantum Mechanics
Matter Waves
Wave Mechanics
The Quantum Mechanics Model
Electron Configuration
The Periodic Table
Metals, Nonmetals, and Semiconductors A Closer Look: The Rare Earths People Behind the Science: Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961) Summary Summary of Equations Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought Parallel Exercises
CHAPTER NINE Chemical Bonds Outline
Compounds and Chemical Change
Valence Electrons and Ions
Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Energy and Electrons in Ionic Bonding
Ionic Compounds and Formulas
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Compounds and Formulas
Multiple Bonds
Bond Polarity
Composition of Compounds
Ionic Compound Names
Ionic Compound Formulas
Covalent Compound Names A Closer Look: Microwave Ovens and Molecular Bonds
Covalent Compound Formulas People Behind the Science: Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811-1899) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought Parallel Exercises
CHAPTER TEN Chemical Reactions Outline
Chemical Formulas
Molecular and Formula Weights
Percent Composition of Compounds
Chemical Equations
Balancing Equations
Generalizing Equations
Types of Chemical Reactions
Combination Reactions
Decomposition Reactions
Replacement Reactions
Ion Exchange Reactions
Information from Chemical Equations
Units of Measurement Used with Equations
Quantitative Uses of Equations A Closer Look: The Catalytic Converter People Behind the Science: Robert Floyd Curl, Jr. (1933- ) Summary Summary of Equations Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought Parallel Exercises
CHAPTER ELEVEN Water and Solutions Outline
Household Water
Properties of Water
Structure of the Water Molecules
The Dissolving Process
Concentration of Solutions
Solubility
Properties of Water Solutions
Electrolytes
Boiling Point
Freezing Point
Acids, Bases, and Salts
Properties of Acids and Bases
Explaining Acid-Base Properties
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
The pH Scale
Properties of Salts
Hard and Soft Water A Closer Look: Acid Rain People Behind the Science: Johannes Nicolaus Brönsted (1879-1947) Summary Summary of Equations Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought Parallel Exercises
CHAPTER TWELVE Organic Chemistry Outline
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons
Alkenes and Alkynes
Cycloalkanes and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Petroleum
Hydrocarbon Derivatives
Alcohols
Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones
Organic Acids and Esters
Organic Compounds of Life
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats and Oils
Synthetic Polymers People Behind the Science: Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882) Summary A Closer Look: How to Sort Plastic Bottles for Recycling Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought Parallel Exercises
CHAPTER THIRTEEN Nuclear Reactions Outline
Natural Radioactivity
Nuclear Equations
The Nature of the Nucleus
Types of Radioactive Decay
Radioactive Decay Series
Measurement of Radiation
Measurement Methods
Radiation Units
Radiation Exposure A Closer Look: Radiation and Food Preservation
Nuclear Energy A Closer Look: Nuclear Medicine
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Power Plants A Closer Look: Three Mile Island and Chernobyl
Nuclear Fusion A Closer Look: Nuclear Waste
The Source of Nuclear Energy People Behind the Science: Marie Curie (1867-1934) Summary Summary of Equations Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought Parallel Exercises ASTRONOMY
CHAPTER FOURTEEN The Universe Outline
The Night Sky
Stars
Origin of Stars
Brightness of Stars
Star Temperature
Star Types
The Life of a Star
Protostar Stage
Main Sequence Stage
Red Giant Stage
Back Toward Main Sequence
Beginning of the End for Less Massive Stars
Beginning of the End for Massive Stars
Galaxies
The Milky Way Galaxy
Other Galaxies A Closer Look: Extraterrestrials?
The Life of a Galaxy A Closer Look: Dark Energy A Closer Look: Dark Matter People Behind the Science: Stephen William Hawking (1942- ) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought
CHAPTER FIFTEEN The Solar System Outline
Planets,Moons, and Other Bodies
Mercury
Venus
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto
Small Bodies of the Solar System
Comets
Asteroids
Meteors and Meteorites A Closer Look: Strange Meteorites
Origin of the Solar System
Stage A
Stage B
Stage C People Behind the Science: Percival Lowell (1855-1916) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought
CHAPTER SIXTEEN Earth in Space Outline
Shape and Size of Earth
Motions of Earth
Revolution
Rotation
Precession A Closer Look: Earth's Motions and Ice Ages
Place and Time
Identifying Place
Measuring Time
Daily Time
Yearly Time
Monthly Time
The Moon
Composition and Features
History of the Moon
The Earth-Moon System
Phases of the Moon
Eclipses of the Sun and the Moon
Tides People Behind the Science: Carl Edward Sagan (1934-1996) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought EARTH SCIENCE
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Rocks and Minerals Outline
Solid Earth Materials
Minerals
Crystal Structures
Silicates and Nonsilicates
Physical Properties of Minerals
Mineral-Forming Processes
Minerals Formed at High Temperatures
Minerals Formed at Normal Temperatures
Altered Minerals
Ore Minerals A Closer Look: Asbestos
Rocks
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
The Rock Cycle A Closer Look: The Next Crisis People Behind the Science:Victor Moritz Goldschmidt (1888-1947) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Plate Tectonics Outline
History of Earth's Interior
Earth's Internal Structure
The Crust
The Mantle
The Core
A More Detailed Structure
Theory of Plate Tectonics
Evidence from Earth's Magnetic Field
Evidence from the Ocean A Closer Look: Seismic Tomography
Lithosphere Plates and Boundaries
Divergent Boundaries
Convergent Boundaries
Transform Boundaries A Closer Look: Measuring Plate Movement
Present-Day Understandings People Behind the Science: Harry Hammond Hess (1906-1969) People Behind the Science: Frederick John Vine (1939-1988) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought
CHAPTER NINETEEN Building Earth's Surface Outline
Interpreting Earth's Surface
Diastrophism
Stress and Strain
Folding
Faulting
Earthquakes
Causes of Earthquakes
Locating and Measuring Earthquakes
Measuring Earthquake Strength
Origin of Mountains
Folded and Faulted Mountains
Volcanic Mountains A Closer Look: Volcanoes Change the World People Behind the Science: James Hutton (1726-1797) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought
CHAPTER TWENTY Shaping Earth's Surface Outline
Weathering, Erosion, and Transportation
Weathering
Soils
Erosion
Mass Movement
Running Water
Glaciers
Wind A Closer Look: Acid Rain and Chemical Weathering
Development of Landscapes
Rock Structure
Weathering and Erosion Processes
State of Development People Behind the Science:William Morris Davis (1850-1934) People Behind the Science: John Wesley Powell (1834-1902) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Geologic Time Outline
Fossils
Early Ideas about Fossils
Types of Fossilization
Reading Rocks
Arranging Events in Order
Correlation
Geologic Time
Early Attempts at Earth Dating
Modern Techniques
Geologic Time Scale A Closer Look: Earth's Past and Future People Behind the Science: Eduard Suess (1831-1914) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO The Atmosphere of Earth Outline
The Atmosphere
Composition of the Atmosphere
Atmospheric Pressure
Warming the Atmosphere
Structure of the Atmosphere
The Winds
Local Wind Patterns A Closer Look: The Wind Chill Factor
Global Wind Patterns
Water and the Atmosphere
Evaporation and Condensation
Humidity
The Condensation Process
Fog and Clouds A Closer Look: Pollution of Earth's Atmosphere People Behind the Science: James Ephraim Lovelock (1919- ) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE Weather and Climate Outline
Clouds and Precipitation
Cloud-Forming Processes
Origin of Precipitation
Weather Producers
Air Masses
Weather Fronts
Waves and Cyclones
Major Storms
Thunderstorms
Tornadoes
Hurricanes
Weather Forecasting
Climate
Major Climate Groups
Regional Climatic Influence
Describing Climates
Major Climate Zones
Local Climates A Closer Look: El Niño and La Niña People Behind the Science:Vilhelm Firman Koren Bjerknes (1862-1951) People Behind the Science: Francis Beaufort (1774-1857) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR Earth's Waters Outline
Water on the Earth
Freshwater
Surface Water
Groundwater
Freshwater as a Resource A Closer Look: Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment
Seawater
Oceans and Seas
The Nature of Seawater A Closer Look: Estuary Pollution
Movement of Seawater
Waves A Closer Look: Health of the Chesapeake Bay
Ocean Currents
The Ocean Floor People Behind the Science: Alistair Clavering Hardy (1896-1985) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought
Appendix A
Mathematical Review Working with Equations Significant Figures Conversion of Units Scientific Notation The Simple Line Graph
Appendix B
Solubilities Chart
Appendix C
Relative Humidity Table
Appendix D
Solutions for Group A Parallel
Exercises
Glossary
Credits
Index
Inside Front Cover
Conversion Factors
Metric Prefixes
Physical Constants
Inside Back Cover
Table of Atomic Weights
Periodic Table of the Elements
To obtain an instructor login for this Online Learning Center, ask your local sales representative.
If you're an instructor thinking about adopting this textbook, request a free copy for review.
2005 McGraw-Hill Higher Education