In the News
In the Middle: Exchanges, Unities, and Diversities
Cultural and Political History Within a Wider World
First Civilizations
Religions
Judaism
Christianity
Islam
Languages
Persian Dynasties
Ottoman Turks
European Colonies and Protectorates
Strategic Role of Oil
Oil Resources
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Pan-Arabism and Islamism
Arab League and Palestine Liberation Organization
One Arab Country
The Impact of Islamism
Political Islamism: Organization of the Islamic Conference
Attempts at Politicizing Islamism
Point-Counterpoint: Israelis Versus Palestinians
Natural Environments
Dry Climates and Desert Vegetation
Clashing Plates
Major River Valleys
Tigris-Euphrates Rivers
Nile River
Natural Resources
Environmental Problems
Global Connections
Subregions
Personal View: Oman
North Africa
Countries
Political History
Recent Shifts
People
Ethnic Variety
Urban Population Growth
Population Dynamics
Employment and Migration
Economic Development
Colonial Influences and Farming
Morocco’s Primary Products
Oil and Gas
Expanding Manufacturing and Services
Trade with Europe
Economic Policy Changes
Nile River Valley
Countries
Political History: From Empires to Colonies
Recent Events
People
Population Distribution and Dynamics
Economic Development
Economic Diversification in Egypt
Sudan’s Economic Plight
Arab Southwest Asia
Oil Wealth
Countries
Oil and Water
Governments
People
Ethnicity
Highly Urbanized
Population Dynamics
Economic Development
Impacts of Fluctuating Income on Oil-Producing Countries
Diversification in Oil-Producing Countries
Tourist and Pilgrimage Sites
Countries with Little or No Oil
Prospects for Regional Interchange
Israel and the Palestinian Territories
Countries
Origins of Israel as a Modern Country
Further Wars and Negotiations
Continuing Stresses
Limited Resources
People
Ethnic Differences
Rural Versus Urban Emphases
Population Dynamics
Economic Development
Diversified, High-Tech Economy
Services
Diversifying Trade Links
Poverty in Gaza and the West Bank
Turkey and Iran
Countries
Historic Rivalries
Modern Shifts
People
Ethnic Differences
Urban Growth
Population Dynamics
Economic Development
Oil or Water
Agricultural Contrasts
Manufacturing Differences
Services and Tourism