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Carl Jung believed that healthy midlife development calls for , the emergence of the true self through balancing or integration of conflicting parts of the personality. Jung believed that at midlife, people shift their preoccupation to their selves, seeking a by expressing their previously “disowned” aspects. |
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Erik Erikson’s seventh stage of psychosocial development is that of , in which the middle-aged adult develops a concern with establishing, guiding, and influencing the next generation or else experiences stagnation. |
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Neugarten noted an introspective tendency at midlife that she called , a concern with inner life. |
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A long-held belief in some normative-crisis models of adult development is the existence of a , a stressful life period precipitated by the review and reevaluation of one’s past, typically occurring in the early to middle forties. refers to an introspective examination that often occurs in middle age, leading to reappraisal and revision of values and priorities. |
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Whitbourne proposed an model of identity development based on processes of (effort to fit new experiences into an existing self-concept) and (adjusting the self-concept to fit new experience). She described as an individual’s characteristic ways of confronting interpreting and responding to experience. |
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In Guttman’s terminology, suggests a reversal of gender roles after the end of active parenting; further research support this. |
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Carol Ryff proposed multiple dimensions of well-being that include , , , , , and . |
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According to theory, people move through life surrounded by concentric circles of intimate relationships or varying degrees of closeness, on which people rely for assistance, well-being, and social support. The theory suggests that people select social contacts throughout life on the basis of the changing relative importance of social interaction as a source of information, as an aid in developing and maintaining a self-concept, and as a source of emotional well-being. |
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Often couples in middle adulthood will stay together because of , financial and emotional benefits built up during the long-standing marriage that tend to hold a couple together, however, in a shaky marriage the or transition that occurs when the youngest child leaves home, may result in the couple finally breaking up. |
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The syndrome refers to the tendency for young adults to return to their parents’ home while getting on their feet or in times of financial, marital, or other trouble. |
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Some developmental scientists have proposed a life stage called , in which middle-aged children, as the outcome of a filial crisis, learn to accept and meet their parents’ need to depend on them. The is a normative development in middle age in which adults learn to balance love and duty to their parents with autonomy within a two-way relationship. |
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Middle aged adults often feel emotional strain as evidenced by the label , because they are squeezed by competing needs to raise or launch children and to care for elderly parents, and as noticed with , a condition of physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion affecting adults who care for aged parents. |
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Because ties with grandparents are important to children’s development, all 50 states have given grandparents after a divorce or death of a parent. |
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Often grandparents provide , or car of children living without parents in the home of grandparents or other relatives, with or without a change of legal custody. |
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