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A is a coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data, while are possible explanations for phenomena used to predict the outcomes of research. |
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model views development as a passive, predictable response to stimuli, and model views development as internally initiated by an active organism. |
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Mechanistic theorists focus on change, and organismic theorists focus on change. |
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The perspective views development as shaped by unconscious forces. |
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A psychologist with a perspective will study observable behavior to show which aspects of the environment are controlling that behavior, while a psychologist with a perspective will analyze behavior’s thought processes to see how those processes change over time. |
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Henry, a nail-biter, is highly critical of everyone he knows. Hilda is obsessed with germs and cleanliness. According to Freudian theory, we would expect that Henry fixated in the stage, and Hilda fixated in the stage. |
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While theorists emphasize the predictable role of environment in causing behavior, theorists believe that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models. |
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occurs when new information fits into an existing cognitive structure; occurs when new information that does not fit one’s existing cognitive structures results in change. |
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The focuses on biological bases of social behavior, while Bronfenbrenner’s looks at the processes and contexts of development. |
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Research that focuses on "hard" data and numerical or statistical results is referred to as research, and research that focuses on “soft” data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs is research. |
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A test’s refers to whether the test measures what it claims to measure, and its refers to whether the results are consistent over time. |
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The variable is the condition in an experiment over which the experimenter has direct control, and the variable is the condition that may or may not change as a result of changes in the variable. |
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When comparing people of different age groups at the same time, a researcher is using a study; if the researcher studied one group of people as they aged over a period of several years, this would be a study. |
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Vygotsky exposed children to certain learning conditions over short periods of time so he could see how much children’s performance could be improved within that short time frame. Vygotsky used research. |
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