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Human Development: Updated, 7/e

James Vander Zanden, Ohio State University
Thomas Crandell, Broome Community College
Corinne Crandell, Broome Community College

Early Childhood 2 to 6: Emotional and Social Development

Learning Objectives

After completing Chapter 8, you should be able to:

1

Describe how emotions are displayed and regulated among children.

2

Describe how children link feelings with thoughts.

3

Discuss the child's growing sense of self, defining ecological and interpersonal self.

4

Discuss how psychologists assess self esteem.

5

Distinguish between gender role, gender identity, and sexual orientation as they relate to gender identification.

6

Briefly summarize the following theories regarding the acquisition of gender identity.

psychoanalytic theory (Freud):

cognitive-learning theory:

selective reinforcement:

Bandura's research:

cognitive-developmental theory (Kohlberg):

self-socialization:

gender schemes:

7

Appraise the research on the effects of fathers and mothers on gender typing.

8

Define socialization and briefly discuss the role of the family in early human development.

9

Identify and briefly discuss Belsky's three major determinants of parental functioning.

10

Outline the major dimensions underlying child-rearing and socialization practices, and discuss the effects of each of these practices and combination of practices on children's behavior.

warmth-hostility:

control-autonomy:

combinations:

consistency in discipline

11

Analyze each of the following parenting styles. Explain how each contributes to the development of socially responsible and independent behavior from Baumrind's research.

authoritarian:

authoritative:

permissive:

harmonious:

12

On the basis of Baumrind's research, list a number of effective parenting practices and attitudes, and define scaffolding.

13

Describe the goals of the Harvard Child-Rearing study conducted in the 1950s by Sears, Maccoby, and Levin.

14

Identify some of the difficulties that each of the following people experience with parenting (e.g., parent-child contact and communication, changes in behavior of parents as well as in children at the time of divorce).

single parents:

divorced parents:

children of divorced parents:

gay or lesbian parents:

15

Summarize the research findings on sibling relationships with regard to:

birth order:

pioneering function:

firstborn:

middle children:

laterborn:

family size:

confluence theory:

resource dilution hypothesis:

sex of siblings:

"dethroning":

16

Characterize the qualitative changes that occur in peer friendship patterns.

17

Describe research findings on aggressive behaviors in children.

18

Describe the purpose and effects of the Head Start program.

19

Discuss the influence of the media on children's behavior.

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