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1

The generic formula of a carbohydrate is?
A)CnHmOo
B)Cn(OH)m
C)Cn(OH)2
D)Cn(H2O)m
E)Cn(H2O)2n
2

The difference between an oligosaccharide and a polysaccharide is?
A)oligosaccharides are dimers and polysaccharides can contain any number of monomers.
B)oligosaccharides contain one type of monomer while polysaccharides can contain many types of monomers.
C)both are homogeneous.
D)both are heterogeneous.
E)oligosaccharides are heterogeneous and polysaccharides are homogeneous.
3

Carbohydrates exist in two possible forms, these are?
A)aldoses.
B)carbanoses.
C)ketoses.
D)A and B.
E)A and C.
F)B and C.
4

Which statement about D-L notation of carbohydrates is false?
A)D and L refer to the stereochemistry of the highest numbered chiral center.
B)The D isomer is always dextrorotatory and L is levorotatory.
C)D-glyceraldehyde is the (+) isomer.
D)In a properly drawn Fisher diagram the D isomer has the hydroxide group to the right.
E)The configuration of other chiral centers is indicated by the name of the compound.
5

Which of the following is not an aldopentose?
A)glucose.
B)ribose.
C)arabinose.
D)xylose.
E)lyxose.
6

Which of the following is not an aldohexose?
A)glucose.
B)galactose.
C)threose.
D)mannose.
E)allose.
7

Aldoses commonly exist is which form?
A)ester.
B)acetal.
C)ether.
D)lactone.
E)cyclic hemiacetal.
8

The carbon to which both a hydroxyl group and the ether oxygen is attached is the?
A)carbonyl carbon.
B)carboxylate carbon.
C)anomeric carbon.
D)monomeric carbon.
E)alcohol carbon.
9

Which carbon atom is the anomeric carbon?
IMAGE
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
10

Is the following sugar is an a or b configuration?
IMAGE
A)a
B)b
11

The most stable conformation of a pyranose ring is?
A)twist boat
B)twist boat with equatorial OH
C)chair with axial OH
D)chair with equatorial OH
E)half-chair with equatorial OH
12

Mutarotation is the process where?
A)the pure a or pure b isomers interconvert to form a mixture of isomers.
B)the pure D or pure L isomers interconvert to form a mixture of isomers.
C)the optical activity stops.
13

Which statement about ketoses is false?
A)The most common location of the carbonyl group is C-2.
B)Fructose is a common ketose.
C)The anomeric carbon bears both a hydroxyl and carbon substituent.
D)The ketoses exist in both D and L isomers.
E)The ketoses exist mainly as cyclic acetals.
14

Which of the following is not a common variation in the structure of carbohydrates.
A)The lack of one or more hydroxyl groups.
B)The replacement of a hydroxyl group by an amino group.
C)The dehydration to produce a polyhydroxyalkenal.
D)The presence of branched chains.
E)The substitution of the anomeric hydroxyl group by another functional group.
15

Which of the following is statements about glycosides is false?
A)The substitution of any hydroxyl group is possible.
B)The reaction of a sugar with an amine produces an N-glycoside.
C)The reaction of a sugar with an alcohol produces an O-glycoside.
D)O-glycosides are acetals.
E)The glycosides can exist is both the a and b isomers.
16

The term b(1,6) in describing a disacchride means?
A)The sugars form a hemiacetal via the hydroxyl groups on C-1 and C-6 respectively.
B)The sugars form an acetal via the hydroxyl groups on C-1 and C-6 respectively.
C)The sugars form an acetal with a b configuration at C-6.
D)The sugars form an acetal with a b configuration at C-1.
E)The sugars form a cyclic acetal with a b configuration.
17

Which of the following is statements the reduction of carbohydrates is false?
A)The reduction requires the sugar to be in an open chain conformation.
B)LiAlH4 is a suitable reagent.
C)The product is a glycol.
D)Both aldoses and ketoses can be reduc
E)The products can no longer form a cyclic hemiacetal.
18

Which of the following is statements the oxidation of carbohydrates is false?
A)CuSO4 in NaOH is a common reagent.
B)The product from the oxidation of an aldose is a carboxylic acid.
C)An aqueous solution of Br2 can oxidize a cyclic hemiacetal to a lactone.
D)Nitric acid can oxidize aldoses to aldaric acids.
E)Uronic acids are in a higher oxidation state than aldaric acids.
19

All of the following are analytical tests for sugars except?
A)Benedict's test.
B)Alkylation with methyl iodide.
C)Periodic oxidation.
D)Ozonolysis.
E)Treatment with Fehling's solution.
20

Epimers are?
A)Isomers which differ in configuration at all chiral centers.
B)Isomers which differ in configuration at all but one chiral center.
C)Isomers which differ in configuration at only one chiral center.
D)Enantiomers.
E)Diastereomers.





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