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1 | |
Echinoderm adults have radial symmetry but their larvae are bilateral. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
2 | |
Which of the following is NOT correct about echinoderms? |
|
| | A) | Echinoderms are deuterostomes |
| | B) | Their anus develops from or near the blastopore whereas the mouth develops from elsewhere |
| | C) | They have radial and regulative (indeterminate) cleavage |
| | D) | They are not closely related to the Hemichordata or the Chordata |
| | E) | All of the above are correct |
|
3 | |
The biological contributions of the echinoderms include which of the following? |
|
| | A) | A water vascular system derived from a coelomic compartment |
| | B) | A dermal endoskeleton composed of calcareous ossicles |
| | C) | A hemal system |
| | D) | A metamorphosis which changes a bilateral larva to a radial adult |
| | E) | All of the above are correct |
|
4 | |
Echinoderms include organisms commonly called starfishes (sea stars), brittle stars, sea urchins, sea lilies, but not sea cucumbers, which belong to the Phylum Annelida. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
5 | |
Many zoologists believe that early echinoderms were sessile and evolved radiality as an adaptation to sessile existence. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
6 | |
Attached forms of echinoderms were once plentiful, as documented by the fossil record, but today the only attached forms are in the Class Crinoidea. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
7 | |
Echinoderms have no ability to… |
|
| | A) | Osmoregulate |
| | B) | Produce sexual gamete |
| | C) | Survive marine environments |
| | D) | Live in benthic environments |
| | E) | All of the above are correct |
|
8 | |
A wide variety of animals make their homes in or on echinoderms, including parasitic or commensal algae, protozoa, ctenophores, turbellarians, cirripedians, copepods, decapods, snails, clams, polychaetes, fish, and amphibians. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
9 | |
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the Phylum Echinodermata? |
|
| | A) | Radial, pentamerous symmetry |
| | B) | Endoskeleton of dermal calcareous ossicles |
| | C) | Unique water-vascular system |
| | D) | Blood-vascular system with closed circulation |
| | E) | All of the above are correct |
|
10 | |
Echinoderm respiration is accomplished by which of the following? |
|
| | A) | Dermal branchiae |
| | B) | Tube feet |
| | C) | Respiratory tree |
| | D) | Bursae |
| | E) | All of the above are correct |
|
11 | |
Because of their sessile nature, echinoderms are often the prey of other animals—including other echinoderms! |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
12 | |
Scientists know more about the molecular biology of sea urchin development than that of almost any other embryonic system. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
13 | |
Which of the following is NOT correct about the Class Asteroidea? |
|
| | A) | They can be brightly colored and range in size from one centimeter to over a meter across. |
| | B) | Sea stars typically have five arms, but species can have up to 24 arms |
| | C) | Pincerlike pedicellariae have tiny claws to grasp onto the substrate to hold the sea star in place |
| | D) | Gas exchange and excretion of nitrogenous wastes takes place via diffusion through the papulae and tube feet |
| | E) | A madreporite is a circular calcareous sieve leading to the water-vascular system |
|
14 | |
Ossicles are penetrated by a meshwork of spaces, usually filled with fibers and dermal cells; together this meshwork structure is called a stereom and it is unique to echinoderms. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
15 | |
The water-vascular system is a characteristic shared by echinoderms and many other groups but as a hydraulic system it is developed to a greater degree only in echinoderms. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
16 | |
The madreporite is located on the oral surface, next to the mouth, and leads to the stone canal that then descends toward the ring canal. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
17 | |
Each podium is a hollow, muscular tube, the inner end of which is a muscular sac, or… |
|
| | A) | Tiedemann’s body |
| | B) | Polian vesicles |
| | C) | Lateral canal |
| | D) | Ampulla |
| | E) | Sucker |
|
18 | |
When inverted, a sea star bends its rays until some of the tubes reach the substratum and attach as an anchor; then it slowly rolls over. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
19 | |
Some asteroids feed heavily on molluscs but Asterias is never a significant predator on commercially important clams and oysters. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
20 | |
Some sea stars feed on small particles. Plankton and other organic particles are carried by the epidermal cilia to the ambulacral grooves and then to the madreporite. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
21 | |
The nervous system of echinoderms consists of a nerve ring with a radial nerve to each arm and an epidermal nerve plexus. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
22 | |
Some species of sea star can regenerate a complete new sea star from a detached arm containing just twenty percent of the central disc. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
23 | |
The free-swimming larva has cilia arranged in bands and is called a… |
|
| | A) | Planula |
| | B) | Amphiblastula |
| | C) | Bipinnaria |
| | D) | Strobila |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
24 | |
Metamorphosis in sea stars involves a dramatic reorganization of a bilateral larva into a radial juvenile. The anteroposterior axis of the larva is lost, and what was the left side becomes the oral surface and the larval right side becomes the aboral surface. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
25 | |
Which of the following statements is incorrect? |
|
| | A) | Brittle stars—Class Ophiuroidea |
| | B) | Brittle stars—no pedicellariae or papulae |
| | C) | Brittle stars—tube feet without suckers |
| | D) | Brittle star microlenses—tiny, rounded structures on the aboral surface |
| | E) | None of the above is incorrect |
|
26 | |
Echinoids have a compact body enclosed in an endoskeletal test, or shell, and they lack arms. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
27 | |
Echinoids are known for several kinds of pedicellariae, some of which are three jawed and mounted on long stalks, others of which bear poison glands with toxin that paralyzes their prey. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
28 | |
Which of the following matches is incorrect? |
|
| | A) | Sand dollars—no teeth |
| | B) | Aristotle’s lantern—complex chewing mechanism in urchins and sand dollars |
| | C) | Echinopluteus larvae—live a planktonic existence before metamorphosis |
| | D) | Class Holothuroidea—elongated oral-aboral axis |
| | E) | Auricularia—free-swimming larvae of sea cucumbers |
|
29 | |
Although they are elongate, sea cucumbers move quickly and are active predators of other echinoderms. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
30 | |
When irritated, many species of sea cucumbers can cast out part of their viscera by a strong muscular contraction that may even rupture the body wall. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
31 | |
The Class Crinoidea includes sea lilies but not the feather stars. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
32 | |
During metamorphosis feather stars become sessile and stalked, but after several months they detach and become free moving. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
33 | |
The body disc, or calyx, of the sea lily is covered with a leathery skin called the… |
|
| | A) | Pinnule |
| | B) | Crown |
| | C) | Tegmen |
| | D) | Stalk |
| | E) | Cirrus |
|
34 | |
Sea daisies, Class Concentricycloidea, are the most recently describe class of echinoderms, with only two species described to date. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
35 | |
The Hemichordata are marine animals once considered to be a subphylum of chordates because they had gill slits and a rudimentary notochord. However, the so-called notochord is not homologous with that of chordates. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
36 | |
Hemichordates have the typical tricoelomate structure of deuterostomes. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
37 | |
The Class Enteropneusta, or acorn worms, are active marine animals that hide in burrows or sand flats of deep benthic areas. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
38 | |
Which of the following does NOT apply to the hemichordates? |
|
| | A) | Respiratory system of gill slits connecting the pharynx with the outside as in chordates |
| | B) | No nephridia |
| | C) | Some species with a dorsal nerve cord |
| | D) | Proboscis, collar, and trunk subdivisions in most |
| | E) | All of the above are correct |
|
39 | |
Fertilization in the hemichordates is external and some species have a ciliated amphiblastula larva. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
40 | |
Hemichordates share characters with both echinoderms and chordates, although sequence analysis of 18 SrDNA suggests that the Enteropneusta are not a monophyletic group, and that hemichordates are the sister group to echinoderms rather than chordates. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |