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1 | |
Amphibians are the only living vertebrates that have a transition from water to land in both their ontogeny and phylogeny. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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2 | |
Which of the following is NOT correct about the amphibians? |
|
| | A) | Amphibians are ectothermic, primitively quadrupedal vertebrates |
| | B) | The tetrapod leg of amphibians is associated with shoulder and hip girdles for walking |
| | C) | Amphibians have a double circulation with functionally separated pulmonary and systemic circuits |
| | D) | Amphibians have a tympanic membrane (eardrum) and stapes (columnella) for transmitting vibrations to the inner air to detect airborne sounds |
| | E) | Amphibians lack internal nostrils (choanae) and cannot breathe directly through the nose |
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3 | |
Two major branches of the tetrapod lineage are represented by the amphibians and the… |
|
| | A) | Reptiles |
| | B) | Birds |
| | C) | Temnospondyls |
| | D) | Amniotes |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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4 | |
The first terrestrial tetrapods were probably the… |
|
| | A) | Rhipidistians |
| | B) | Amniotes |
| | C) | Coelacanths |
| | D) | Leptocephalans |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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5 | |
The Devonian period could be characterized as a period of… |
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| | A) | Climatic stability |
| | B) | Alternating droughts and floods |
| | C) | Alternating ice ages |
| | D) | Pronounced mountain building |
| | E) | All of the above are correct |
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6 | |
The freshwater fish that survived the Devonian period possessed… |
|
| | A) | Efficient gills |
| | B) | Countercurrent flow in the gill lamellae |
| | C) | A lung that developed as an outgrowth of the pharynx |
| | D) | Paedomorphosis |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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7 | |
Amphibians that are perennibranchiate have lungs in larval forms as well as lungs in the adult stages. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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8 | |
An axolotl is a perennibranchiate salamander throughout its entire life, no matter what the environmental conditions may be. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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9 | |
The first well-known fossil of a tetrapod was in the genus… |
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| | A) | Sphenodon |
| | B) | Latimeria |
| | C) | Ichthyostega |
| | D) | Desmognathus |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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10 | |
An examination of the bony elements of the paired fins of lobe-finned fishes shows that they broadly resemble the homologous structures of amphibian limbs. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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11 | |
Both lobe-finned fishes and early tetrapods such as Acanthostega and Ichthyostega shared several characteristics of skull, teeth, and pectoral girdle. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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12 | |
12. Several extinct lineages plus the Lisamphibia, which contains modern amphibians, are placed in a group called… |
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| | A) | Reptilia |
| | B) | Temnospondyls |
| | C) | Caecilians |
| | D) | Anthracosaurs |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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13 | |
Pigmented cells in the skin of some amphibians are called… |
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| | A) | Osteoblasts |
| | B) | Miracidia |
| | C) | Lamellae |
| | D) | Chromatophores |
| | E) | Plastids |
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14 | |
The hearts of amphibians have: |
|
| | A) | One atrium and one ventricle |
| | B) | Two atria and one ventricle |
| | C) | One atrium and two ventricles |
| | D) | Two atria and two ventricles |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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15 | |
To facilitate cutaneous respiration, the skin of amphibians is… |
|
| | A) | Moist and covered with scales |
| | B) | Dry and richly vascularized |
| | C) | Moist and richly vascularized |
| | D) | Dry and covered with scales |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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16 | |
The kidneys of amphibians are described as… |
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| | A) | Pronephric |
| | B) | Metanephric |
| | C) | Mesonephric |
| | D) | Anephric |
| | E) | Amphibians have Malpighian tubules, not kidneys |
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17 | |
Most larger frogs are solitary during most of the year, except during the breeding period, which is typically in the spring… |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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18 | |
The skin of a frog, although loosely attached to the body, is typical of most terrestrial vertebrates, having an outer epidermis and an underlying dermis. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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19 | |
The hylid frogs have the most toxic skin secretions, which are used by natives in South America to coat their blowgun darts for hunting. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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20 | |
The members of which of the following orders often produce spermatophores? |
|
| | A) | Caudata |
| | B) | Gymnophiona |
| | C) | Apoda |
| | D) | Anura |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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21 | |
The members of this order are often viviparous: |
|
| | A) | Caudata |
| | B) | Gymnophiona |
| | C) | Urodela |
| | D) | Anura |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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22 | |
Members of the family Plethodontidae are unusual in that many species completely lack… |
|
| | A) | Eyes |
| | B) | A tail |
| | C) | Lungs |
| | D) | A terrestrial phase |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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23 | |
The retention of larval characteristics, seen in some salamanders is called… |
|
| | A) | Paedomorphosis |
| | B) | Viviparity |
| | C) | Ovoviparity |
| | D) | Trophyllaxis |
| | E) | Sperm competition |
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24 | |
The iridiophores in the skin of frogs contain yellow, orange, or red pigments; the melanophores reflect the light striking the iridiophores. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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25 | |
Members of the family Bufonidae are colloquially called: |
|
| | A) | True frogs |
| | B) | Salamanders |
| | C) | Tree frogs |
| | D) | Clawed frogs |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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26 | |
The fused caudal vertebrae seen in frogs are called the pygostyle, which is similar to our “tailbone,” the coccyx. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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27 | |
The primary excretory waste of amphibians is uric acid. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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28 | |
Some frogs hibernate during the winter and avoid the harmful effects of freezing by accumulating glycerol and… |
|
| | A) | Fat |
| | B) | Thyroxine |
| | C) | Sebum |
| | D) | Glucose |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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29 | |
Most amphibians have a forelimb with four digits and a rear limb with five digits. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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30 | |
Amphibians respire by a positive-pressure mechanism, as opposed to the negative pressure of the amniotes. In other words, if you were a frog, it would take energy to expire, but relatively little energy to inspire. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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31 | |
Which of the following transmits vibrations to the inner ear of amphibians? |
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| | A) | Malleus |
| | B) | Incus |
| | C) | Columnella |
| | D) | Tympanum |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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32 | |
The perennibranchiate condition may occur in… |
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| | A) | Salamanders |
| | B) | Caecilians |
| | C) | Frogs |
| | D) | Toads |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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33 | |
When giant toads were introduced to Queensland, Australia and southern Florida to control agricultural pests, they began spreading rapidly and produced numerous ecological problems, including the displacement of native anurans. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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34 | |
When male frogs clasp females prior to mating the process is called: |
|
| | A) | A full-Nelson |
| | B) | Amplexus |
| | C) | Nictitation |
| | D) | Foreplay |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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35 | |
The digestive tract of most vertebrates that are carnivores is shorter than the digestive tract of herbivores. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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36 | |
The lateral line is present in all amphibians, although it is only fully functional in the aquatic species. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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37 | |
The structure in a frog ear that is similar to the mammalian cochlea is the utricle. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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38 | |
Amphibians that have no larval development are said to have direct development—that is, they hatch from the egg as miniature versions of the adults. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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39 | |
Reproductive strategies of anurans include which of the following? |
|
| | A) | Carrying developing larvae in a dorsal pouch |
| | B) | Carrying eggs embedded in specialized brooding pouches |
| | C) | Laying eggs under rocks or logs |
| | D) | Froglets developing in a vocal pouch |
| | E) | All of the above are correct |