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1 | |
In the pelagic realm, most primary production occurs in the epipelagic neritic zone. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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2 | |
Trichodesmium is particularly abundant in nutrient-rich waters. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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3 | |
Picoplankton-sized primary producers in the epipelagic are dominated by prochlorophytes and cyanobacteria. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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4 | |
Red tides may be becoming more frequent because of human pollution that has high nitrogen and low silica content, which favors the growth of dinoflagellates over diatoms. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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5 | |
Krill are not as numerous as copepods but are more likely to be eaten by large consumers such as birds, fishes, and whales. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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6 | |
The smallest phytoplankton organisms are eaten by animals such as salps and larvaceans that use mucus to trap them. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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7 | |
Planktonic organisms, by definition, are always small. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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8 | |
Copepods use bristles on their mouthparts and antennae to sieve phytoplankton cells out of the water. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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9 | |
Members of the holoplankton spend part of their life cycle in the plankton and their adult lives on the sea floor. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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10 | |
Planktivorous nekton are the smaller species of fast-swimming animals. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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11 | |
Other things being equal, larger organisms tend to sink faster than smaller ones due to less drag in the larger ones. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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12 | |
Drag that slows sinking can be increased with spines and flat shapes. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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13 | |
To achieve neutral buoyancy, a shark uses its |
| | A) | swim bladder. |
| | B) | gas float. |
| | C) | oily liver. |
| | D) | exclusion of heavy ions. |
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14 | |
Lipids are a major form of energy storage material that adds buoyancy to epipelagic organisms such as copepods and diatoms. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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15 | |
Examples of neuston include the Portugese man-of-war and the water strider. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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16 | |
The lateral line of fishes detects vibrations in the water. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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17 | |
Many zooplankton animals such as jellyfish and salps are dark blue or green on top and white or silver on the bottom. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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18 | |
The rete mirabile is an arrangement of blood vessels that greatly reduces heat loss. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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19 | |
Red muscle in fishes is used for constant cruising, while white muscle is used for quick bursts of speed. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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20 | |
Zooplankton are too small to be effective vertical migrators, since this behavior involves a long-distance swim each day. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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21 | |
The fastest fishes have been clocked at speeds of 100 km/hour. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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22 | |
Most epipelagic food chains are fairly simple chains readily described as "phytoplankton to zooplankton to nekton." |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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23 | |
Marine snow refers to the large amount of DOM in the oceans. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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24 | |
The microbial loop refers to a food chain in which DOM from producers is processed first by bacteria, then by protozoa, then by zooplankton animals. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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25 | |
Since waters in coastal areas are much murkier than in the open ocean, the latter have more productivity due to deeper light penetration. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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26 | |
The major limiting nutrient in oceans overall is thought to be nitrogen. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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27 | |
In the open ocean, iron and not nitrate is the limiting nutrient. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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28 | |
Overturn typically occurs when surface waters become colder than deeper waters. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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29 | |
Because the tropics are much warmer and have more sunlight, tropical waters are typically much more productive than polar and temperate waters. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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30 | |
Equatorial upwelling results from currents that converge at the Equator. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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31 | |
Coastal upwelling can result only from winds blowing from land to sea to cause surface waters to move offshore. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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32 | |
The fisheries industry of western South America suffers greatly during an ENSO event because coastal upwelling normally produced by the trade winds ceases. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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33 | |
Copepods, typically the most numerous zooplankton animals, are |
| | A) | strictly herbivores that feed on diatoms and other algae. |
| | B) | filter feeders that feed indiscriminately on any small organic particle. |
| | C) | discriminating consumers of both phytoplankton and other zooplankton. |
| | D) | mucus net feeders. |
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34 | |
The following is known to apply to red tides: |
| | A) | All red tides involve phytoplanktonic neurotoxins that do not kill shellfish, but may harm people that eat the shellfish. |
| | B) | All red tides involve phytoplankton that make neurotoxins harmful to all animals. |
| | C) | Only some involve phytoplankton neurotoxins that harm all animals including people. |
| | D) | Only some involve phytoplankton neurotoxins that do not kill shellfish, but may harm people that eat the shellfish. |
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35 | |
Billfishes and tunas |
| | A) | make long migrations across the oceans. |
| | B) | make vertical migrations daily. |
| | C) | eat plankton. |
| | D) | have muscles to suck water into the mouth. |
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36 | |
The fastest epipelagic fishes, such as tunas, have these features: |
| | A) | reduced breathing musculature, and retractable fins. |
| | B) | strong breathing muscles for rapid oxygen uptake, and side fins that protrude like airplane wings. |
| | C) | strong breathing muscles for rapid oxygen uptake, and retractable fins. |
| | D) | reduced breathing musculature, and side fins that protrude like airplane wings. |
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37 | |
The growth of phytoplankton in many temperate waters is characterized by |
| | A) | an annual peak in the summer, when light is most optimal; and an annual low in the winter, when light, but not nutrients, is limiting. |
| | B) | an annual peak in the spring, when nutrients and light are both sufficient; and an annual low in the winter, when light, but not nutrients, is limiting. |
| | C) | an annual peak in the summer, when light is most optimal; and an annual low in the winter, when light and nutrients are limiting. |
| | D) | an annual peak in the spring, when nutrients and light are both sufficient; and an annual low in the winter, when light and nutrients are limiting. |
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