Choose the best answer.

1		Microevolution is:
			A)	A process by which new species of microorganism arise.
			B)	The process by which any new species arises.
			C)	The change of allele frequencies in a population.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
2		Which of these would be the best example of macroevolution?
			A)	Genetic drift in two populations of salamander eventually prevents production of viable offspring by interbreeding between them.
			B)	The founder effect leads to very different frequencies of alleles for a gene that affects beak shape in two populations of ground finch in the Galápagos Islands.
			C)	A group of humans travels from Texas to northern Alaska. At first they are uncomfortable but eventually they are quite at home.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
3		Darwin's theories about evolutionary processes grew naturally out of influences from scientists/writers of his time and his own observations of the natural world.
			A)	True
			B)	False
4		The process of natural selection:
			A)	Requires genetic variation among individuals of a population.
			B)	Results in "survival of the fittest".
			C)	May lead to fixation of beneficial alleles in a population.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
5		Which of these examples would illustrate two individuals that are members of the same species?
			A)	Walleye and sauger are both fish that naturally occur in many lakes and reservoirs in the Midwestern United States. They may mate to create saugeye offspring, which can mate with either parental species but such matings only show about 10% reproductive success.
			B)	Two plants flower at different times of the year, so the pollen from one plant is not available to pollenate the flowers of the other.
			C)	You are trying to breed Springer spaniels. However, your neighbor has a randy Jack Russell terrier that managed to not only get over the fence but also inseminated your female before you realized she was coming into heat. The puppies that resulted looked a little odd but were healthy and two have since had healthy puppies of their own.
			D)	All of the above.
			E)	None of the above.
6		Two closely related species of orchid share the same geological distribution but do not interbreed. The petals of one species are specialized to deposit pollen on honeybees as they suck nectar; the pollen is subsequently transferred to another orchid as the honeybee moves on. The other species has larger flowers, and cannot use honeybees as a pollination vector. This is an example of:
			A)	Habitat isolation.
			B)	Temporal isolation.
			C)	Sexual isolation.
			D)	Gametic isolation.
			E)	Hybrid inviability.
7		Sexual selection tends to operate on female traits more than male traits.
			A)	True
			B)	False
8		One argument occasionally made in an attempt to refute evolution runs along the lines of "If humans evolved from chimps, why are there still chimps?" What fundamental error underlies this argument?
			A)	This argument assumes that all species were created by cladogenesis.
			B)	This argument assumes that all species were created by anagenesis.
			C)	This argument assumes that all species were derived from the same common ancestor.
			D)	This argument assumes that all extant species are unlikely to respond to further selection.
			E)	None of the above.
9		The process of evolution creates species that are ideally fitted to their niche.
			A)	True
			B)	False
10		A large population of salamanders lives at the south end of a large lake. As this population expands to the north, subpopulations on opposite sides of the lake become so different that eventually the northernmost subpopulations are unable to interbreed. This is an example of:
			A)	Allopatric speciation.
			B)	Sympatric speciation.
			C)	Parapatric speciation.
			D)	Hypermorphic speciation.
			E)	None of the above.
11		Which of these events may lead to sympatric speciation?
			A)	Construction of a highway through the center of a population range of a sedentary species.
			B)	A dominant mutation changes the pattern of markings on male finches.
			C)	A lethal recessive allele arises in the population.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
12		Which of these is required for parapatric speciation?
			A)	Migration of individuals.
			B)	Geographic separation between the developing species.
			C)	Selection against hybrid offspring.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
13		The rate of evolution is relatively stable and dependent on the mutation rate.
			A)	True
			B)	False
14		Which of these illustrates a punctuated equilibrium?
			A)	A couple has a stable lifestyle with minor changes until their first baby arrives.
			B)	A population of fish in a pet store aquarium is constantly changing.
			C)	A group of seagulls lives on the same Pacific island for many generations.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
15		Which of these would not be expected to contribute to sudden change in an established species?
			A)	Migration of individuals of a species to a new location.
			B)	A new mutation that increases reproductive success occurs in one individual of the population.
			C)	A new species of plant enters the environment of the species.
			D)	One individual in the population experiences a large inversion of one chromosome.
			E)	None of these.
16		Why was the ability to create an "artificial" G. tetrahit important?
			A)	It implies that direct intervention was required to create the naturally occurring species.
			B)	This experiment demonstrated that fusion of two diploid cells could generate tetraploid individuals.
			C)	The ability to mimic natural processes provides insight into how they might have occurred.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
17		Which of these techniques would give you the most detailed information regarding molecular differences between two species?
			A)	DNA sequencing.
			B)	Hybridization.
			C)	Restriction mapping.
			D)	Cytogenetic analysis.
18		Which of these is an example of a pair of paralogous genes?
			A)	A gene encoding myoglobin is present in both Drosophila and Xenopus.
			B)	Genes encoding α-globin exist in all mammals.
			C)	Some genes also exist in nonfunctional copies known as pseudogenes.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
19		A diagram that describes the evolutionary relationships between different species is:
			A)	A morphological branching diagram.
			B)	A distributed analysis.
			C)	A phylogenetic tree.
			D)	A blasphemous suggestion.
			E)	None of these.
20		The transfer of genetic material from parents to offspring over many generations is:
			A)	Vertical gene transfer.
			B)	Horizontal gene transfer.
			C)	The only way genetic material is transferred.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
21		Transformation can lead to horizontal gene transfer in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
			A)	True
			B)	False
22		Which piece of data is most compellingly in support of the neutral theory of evolution?
			A)	The mutation rate can vary due to differences in environmental conditions.
			B)	Beneficial mutations are very rare compared to neutral and deleterious mutations.
			C)	Fixation of neutral mutations in a population is completely random.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
23		A synteny group is:
			A)	A group of genes that share a common DNA sequence.
			B)	A group of genes that are linked in several species.
			C)	A group of genes that are located on the sex chromosomes.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.