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  1. Maternal Effect
    1. The genotype of the mother determines the phenotype of the offspring for maternal effect genes
    2. Female gametes receive gene products from the mother that affect early developmental stages of the embryo
  2. Epigenetic Inheritance
    1. Dosage compensation is necessary to ensure genetic equality between the sexes
    2. Dosage compensation occurs in female mammals by the random inactivation of one X chromosome
    3. In adult female mammals, one X chromosome has been permanently inactivated
    4. X-inactivation in mammals depends on the Xic locus and the XIST gene
    5. The expression of an imprinted gene depends on the sex of the parent from which the gene was inherited
    6. The imprinting of genes and chromosomes is a molecular marking process that involves DNA methylation
  3. Extranuclear Inheritance
    1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain circular chromosomes with many genes
    2. Extranuclear inheritance produces non-Mendelian results in reciprocal crosses
    3. Studies in yeast and Chlamydomonas provided genetic evidence for extranuclear inheritance of mitochondria and chloroplasts
    4. The pattern of inheritance of mitochondria and plastids varies among different species
    5. A few rare human diseases are caused by mitochondrial mutations
    6. Extranuclear genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from an endosymbiotic relationship
    7. Eukaryotic cells occasionally contain symbiotic infective particles





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