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| 1 | |
Which of the following general chemical categories is not represented by a group of hormones? |
| | A) | catecholamines |
| | B) | polypeptides and glycoproteins |
| | C) | nucleic acids |
| | D) | steroids |
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| 2 | |
Steroid hormones |
| | A) | are derived from cholesterol molecules. |
| | B) | are polar molecules. |
| | C) | include the prostaglandins and the sex hormones testosterone and progesterone. |
| | D) | bind mostly to receptors in the cellular membrane. |
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| 3 | |
The adrenal medulla secretes |
| | A) | corticosteroids: aldosterone and cortisol among others. |
| | B) | thyroxine. |
| | C) | epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| | D) | ADH and oxytocin. |
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| 4 | |
Which of the following hormones contain the element iodine? |
| | A) | triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) |
| | B) | catecholamines |
| | C) | sex steroids |
| | D) | corticosteroids |
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| 5 | |
The hormones that are small, nonpolar and can be taken orally, yet are not steroids are the |
| | A) | prostaglandins. |
| | B) | estrogen and progesterone. |
| | C) | insulin and glucagon. |
| | D) | thryoid hormones (T3 and T4). |
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| 6 | |
Prohormones |
| | A) | are usually secreted from the cell for further processing. |
| | B) | are often used to produce preprohormones. |
| | C) | are usually more active than the final hormones themselves. |
| | D) | are usually longer chained molecules than those of the final hormones. |
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| 7 | |
Whether a molecule acts as a neurotransmitter or a hormone, which statement about physiological regulation by these molecules is false? |
| | A) | Target cells must have specific receptor proteins with which these molecules combine. |
| | B) | When these molecules bind to target cells, specific sequences of changes must occur. |
| | C) | There must be an "off-switch" that will stop the induced changes. |
| | D) | Second messengers will always be involved in the response of the target cell. |
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| 8 | |
Which of the following describes the synergistic effects of hormones? |
| | A) | Two or more hormones working together to produce a particular result. |
| | B) | One hormone is needed to enhance the responsiveness of an organ to a second hormone. |
| | C) | The two hormones have no effect alone. |
| | D) | The effects of the two hormones are always additive. |
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| 9 | |
Between which of the following hormone pairs is the interaction between hormones not an example of the permissive effect of a first hormone for a second hormone? |
| | A) | estrogen for prolactin on the mammary glands during pregnancy |
| | B) | parathyroid hormone (PTH) for vitamin D3 on blood Ca2+ levels |
| | C) | estrogen for progesterone on the uterus |
| | D) | glucocorticoids for catecholamine actions |
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| 10 | |
The half-life of most hormones ranges from |
| | A) | seconds to minutes. |
| | B) | minutes to hours. |
| | C) | hours to days. |
| | D) | days to weeks. |
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| 11 | |
The pulsatile secretion of hormones |
| | A) | describes how many polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones are released. |
| | B) | is needed to prevent upregulation of target cells. |
| | C) | describes the use of anabolic steroids by athletes. |
| | D) | prolongs the half-life of a given hormone. |
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| 12 | |
The receptors for steroid hormones are usually usually found here. |
| | A) | receptor proteins within the nucleus of the target cell |
| | B) | receptor proteins within the cytoplasm of the target cell |
| | C) | receptor proteins on the outer surface of the target cell membrane |
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| 13 | |
The receptors for thyroid hormones are found here. |
| | A) | receptor proteins within the nucleus of the target cell |
| | B) | receptor proteins within the cytoplasm of the target cell |
| | C) | receptor proteins on the outer surface of the target cell membrane |
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| 14 | |
The receptors for catecholamine and polypeptide hormones are found here. |
| | A) | receptor proteins within the nucleus of the target cell |
| | B) | receptor proteins within the cytoplasm of the target cell |
| | C) | receptor proteins on the outer surface of the target cell membrane |
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| 15 | |
Thyroxine |
| | A) | is the major hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; also known as triiodothyronine, or T3. |
| | B) | dissolves readily in the blood. |
| | C) | is active in the cells of the body. |
| | D) | is metabolized to triiodothyronine (T3) at the target cells. |
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| 16 | |
The enzyme that is activated by the production of cAMP as the second messenger of target cells is |
| | A) | protein kinase. |
| | B) | phosphodiesterase. |
| | C) | adenylate cyclase. |
| | D) | phospholipase C. |
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| 17 | |
The production of cyclic AMP within target cells is regulated by the enzyme |
| | A) | protein kinase. |
| | B) | phosphodiesterase. |
| | C) | adenylate cyclase. |
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| 18 | |
The inactivation of cAMP is carried out by _______, an enzyme that hydrolyzes cAMP to form AMP. |
| | A) | protein kinase |
| | B) | phosphodiesterase |
| | C) | adenylate cyclase |
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| 19 | |
The neurohypophysis is also called the |
| | A) | pars distalis. |
| | B) | pars nervosa. |
| | C) | pars tuberalis. |
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| 20 | |
The hormone that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in females and the production of sperm in the testes of males, is |
| | A) | growth hormone (GH, or somatotropin). |
| | B) | thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, or thyrotropin). |
| | C) | adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, or corticotropin). |
| | D) | follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, or folliculotropin). |
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| 21 | |
The hormone secreted in both males and females, that plays a supporting role in the regulation of the male reproductive system by the gonadotropin (FSH and LH) and acts on the kidneys to help regulate water and electrolyte balance |
| | A) | adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, or corticotropin). |
| | B) | luteinizing hormone (LH, or luteotropin). |
| | C) | prolactin (PRL). |
| | D) | interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) |
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| 22 | |
The anterior pituitary hormone associated with dwarfism, gigantism, and acromegaly is |
| | A) | FSH. |
| | B) | GH. |
| | C) | ACTH. |
| | D) | TSH. |
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| 23 | |
The supraoptic nuclei and paraventricular nuclei are significant clusters of cell bodies because they synthesize |
| | A) | LH and FSH. |
| | B) | GH and ACTH. |
| | C) | TSH and prolactin. |
| | D) | oxytocin and ADH. |
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| 24 | |
The anterior pituitary gland is unable to |
| | A) | synthesize and release tropic hormones. |
| | B) | respond to releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted from the hypothalamus. |
| | C) | secrete oxytocin. |
| | D) | secrete hormones that alter the activity of the adrenal cortex and thyroid gland. |
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| 25 | |
The two hormones from the hypothalamus that stimulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary are |
| | A) | GnRH and PIH. |
| | B) | TRH and CRH. |
| | C) | GnRH and antidiuretic hormone. |
| | D) | PIH and somatostatin. |
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| 26 | |
A positive feedback effect is demonstrated by |
| | A) | increased TSH production when absence of dietary iodine causes goiter. |
| | B) | increased estradiol, causing the blood levels of LH to "surge" in females at ovulation. |
| | C) | increased GnRH and FSH hormones following testes removal (castration) in males. |
| | D) | increased ACTH from Addison's disease, causing increased cortisol secretion. |
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| 27 | |
The adrenal cortex |
| | A) | It is derived from ectoderm tissue in the embryo. |
| | B) | It is stimulated by the hormone ACTH secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. |
| | C) | It secretes the catecholamine hormones-mostly epinephrine. |
| | D) | It is divided into three zones-an outer, middle, and inner zone-that have the same function. |
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| 28 | |
Which hormones are not secreted by the adrenal cortex? |
| | A) | aldosterone and other mineralocorticoids |
| | B) | sex steroids: weak androgens and some estrogens |
| | C) | hydrocortisone and other glucocorticoids |
| | D) | epinephrine and some norepinephrine catecholamines |
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| 29 | |
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone and as a result it will bind to a receptor that |
| | A) | is located in the cellular membrane. |
| | B) | produces cAMP as a second messenger. |
| | C) | forms a dimer that activates a protein kinase. |
| | D) | in its final form regulates gene transcription. |
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| 30 | |
The general adaptation syndrome described by Hans Selye's includes |
| | A) | exhaustion, sickness, or death if adaptations or corrective changes aren't made. |
| | B) | suppression of the pituitary-adrenal axis causing an initial alarm reaction. |
| | C) | the formation of a tumor of the adrenal medulla (pheochromocytoma) that secretes large amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| | D) | the decreased secretion insulin from the pancreas. |
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| 31 | |
Which function of glucocorticoids is most supportive of the hypothesis that prolonged stress results in an increased incidence of cancer and other diseases? |
| | A) | Glucocoriticoids stimulate an increase in heart rate and in cardiac output. |
| | B) | Glucocorticoids cause generalized vasoconstriction that elevates blood pressure. |
| | C) | Glucocorticoids increase blood volume and alter electrolyte balance. |
| | D) | Glucocorticoids can inhibit the ability of the immune system to protect against disease. |
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| 32 | |
Thyroid hormones |
| | A) | are synthesized by stratified cuboidal epithelial cells called follicular cells. |
| | B) | are very soluble in water and therefore easily soluble in the bloodstream. |
| | C) | are synthesized and secreted by parafollicular cells. |
| | D) | are ultimately formed from the amino acid, L-tyrosine. |
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| 33 | |
Which statement about the parathyroid glands is false? |
| | A) | They usually include four small paired (superior and inferior) glands. |
| | B) | They are embedded in the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland. |
| | C) | They secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin. |
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| 34 | |
Glucagon: |
| | A) | It is a hormone secreted by the beta cells within the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. |
| | B) | It is a hormone that is secreted when blood glucose levels are high. |
| | C) | As a hormone it inhibits both glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) and fat breakdown (lipolysis). |
| | D) | The actions of glucagon are antagonistic to the actions of insulin. |
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| 35 | |
The disease diabetes mellitus: |
| | A) | It is characterized by fasting hypoglycemia and the presence of glucose in the urine. |
| | B) | Type I, or insulin-dependent diabetes is the more common form. |
| | C) | Type II, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes is primarily caused by a lack of tissue responsiveness to insulin. |
| | D) | Type I diabetes is caused by the destruction of alpha cells of the pancreas. |
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| 36 | |
The hormone insulin |
| | A) | is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas. |
| | B) | promotes the entry of glucose and amino acids into tissue cells. |
| | C) | promotes the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis) and fat (lipolysis). |
| | D) | levels fall immediately after a meal is eaten. |
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| 37 | |
Which statement about melatonin is false? |
| | A) | It is secreted by the pineal gland, the gland located in the roof of the third ventricle. |
| | B) | Its secretion is highest in children aged one to five and decreases thereafter. |
| | C) | It may have an important role in the onset of puberty. |
| | D) | More is secreted in the daytime than at night. |
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| 38 | |
During the normal menstrual cycle in females |
| | A) | the hormone progesterone is secreted in greatest amounts during the first half of the cycle. |
| | B) | many follicles within the ovary will undergo ovulation each month. |
| | C) | luteinizing hormone converts the empty follicle into a corpus luteum, a new structure which secretes both progesterone and estradiol-17ß |
| | D) | that critical event, ovulation, occurs at the end of each cycle |
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| 39 | |
The human placenta secretes all of the following hormones except |
| | A) | prolactin. |
| | B) | estrogens. |
| | C) | progesterone. |
| | D) | human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). |
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| 40 | |
Which of the following specific regulators belong to the group of molecules called lymphokines that are produced by lymphocytes (WBC) and are involved in specific immunity? |
| | A) | bradykinins |
| | B) | endothelins |
| | C) | neurotrophins |
| | D) | interleukins |
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| 41 | |
Which of the following autocrine regulatory molecules was previously known as endothelium-derived relaxation factor due to its action on the smooth muscle layer of blood vessels? |
| | A) | lymphokines |
| | B) | nitric oxide |
| | C) | bradykinin |
| | D) | endothelin-1 |
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| 42 | |
Prostaglandins are |
| | A) | twenty-seven carbon-long fatty acids containing a five-membered carbon ring. |
| | B) | derived from arachidonic acid released from phospholipids in the cell membrane. |
| | C) | produced by the enzyme lipoxygenase. |
| | D) | degraded by the actions of cyclooxygenase. |
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| 43 | |
Thromboxanes |
| | A) | are responsible for smooth muscle relaxation. |
| | B) | are synthesized from cholesterol. |
| | C) | stimulate aggregation of platelets. |
| | D) | induce vasodilation. |
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| 44 | |
The major target of antidiuretic hormone is the: |
| | A) | skin. |
| | B) | kidneys. |
| | C) | stomach. |
| | D) | heart. |
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| 45 | |
Caffeine has which of the following effects? |
| | A) | increased acetylcholinesterase activity |
| | B) | increased phosphodiesterase activity |
| | C) | decreased acetylcholinesterase activity |
| | D) | decreased phosphodiesterase activity |
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| 46 | |
The main organ responsible for the removal of hormones from the blood is the: |
| | A) | liver. |
| | B) | kidney. |
| | C) | GI tract. |
| | D) | lungs. |
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| 47 | |
Increased circulating concentrations of thyroxine (T4) would result in decreased secretion of: |
| | A) | GH. |
| | B) | ACTH. |
| | C) | LH. |
| | D) | TSH. |
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| 48 | |
A person with hyperthyroidism will have which one of the following symptoms? |
| | A) | intolerance to cold |
| | B) | weight gain |
| | C) | high metabolic rates |
| | D) | lethargy |
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| 49 | |
A person with a toxic goiter would have very high levels of which of the following hormones? |
| | A) | T4, thyroxine |
| | B) | TRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone |
| | C) | TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone |
| | D) | PTH, parathyroid hormone |
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| 50 | |
A person who is experiencing an endemic goiter can be treated with dietary supplements of |
| | A) | calcium. |
| | B) | ADH. |
| | C) | corticosteroids. |
| | D) | iodide. |
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