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True or False Quiz
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1
A list of endocrine glands should include the heart, liver, hypothalamus, and kidneys since these organs all secrete hormones that affect target cells around the body.
A)True
B)False
2
Although these hormones are not steroids, T3 and T4 are small and nonpolar; and thus can be taken orally without being inactivated by enzymes in the digestive tract.
A)True
B)False
3
In most respects the actions of neurotransmitters and hormones on their target cells are distinctly different.
A)True
B)False
4
The only hormones that contain iodine are steroid hormones.
A)True
B)False
5
Secreted hormones generally do not remain in the bloodstream and accumulate since they are rapidly removed by the liver or the target organs themselves.
A)True
B)False
6
To help excrete "old" steroid hormones in urine and bile, the liver converts them into more polar water-soluble metabolites.
A)True
B)False
7
A "pharmacological" dose refers to an abnormally high concentration of a substance-more than is normally present in the bloodstream.
A)True
B)False
8
A pharmacological dose of the sex steroids is present in contraceptive pills.
A)True
B)False
9
The priming effect of hormones may actually decrease the number of receptor proteins in their target cells, causing downregulation.
A)True
B)False
10
To prevent desensitization of receptors from occurring under normal circumstances, many polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones are secreted in a pulsatile fashion, rather than being secreted continuously.
A)True
B)False
11
Hormones are delivered by the blood to every cell in the body, but only the target cells with specific receptor proteins for that hormone are able to respond.
A)True
B)False
12
Hormones bind to receptor proteins with high capacity and low affinity.
A)True
B)False
13
Because they are polar and thus water-soluble, steroid and thyroid hormones are transported in the bloodstream bound to plasma carrier proteins.
A)True
B)False
14
Steroid hormones attach to cytoplasmic receptor proteins of target cells that translocate to the nucleus to direct the production of specific new proteins through genetic transcription and translation.
A)True
B)False
15
Cyclic AMP will act as a protein kinase and phosphorylate enzymes to modulate the activity of other inactive enzymes already present in the target cell.
A)True
B)False
16
Caffeine (in coffee) and theophylline (in tea) are phosphodiesterase inhibitors that produce their effects, such as relaxing the smooth muscle fibers of the respiratory bronchioles, by causing a rise in the cAMP concentrations within target tissue cells.
A)True
B)False
17
The regulatory molecule nitric oxide (NO) helps to relax the smooth muscle of blood vessels causing vasodilation by producing cyclic AMP as a second messenger.
A)True
B)False
18
Calcium ions (Ca2+) inside the cell may act as second messengers where very high intracellular concentrations of Ca2+ are maintained by active transport membrane pumps.
A)True
B)False
19
The insulin receptor is a tyrosine kinase that must dimerize and undergo autophosphorylation to become fully functional.
A)True
B)False
20
The anterior pituitary develops as a down growth of the brain, while the posterior pituitary is derived from embryonic epithelium from Rathke's pouch.
A)True
B)False
21
The term often added as a suffix to the name of hormones such as those from the anterior pituitary is trophic which means "food," often shortened to tropic which means "attracted to."
A)True
B)False
22
The pars nervosa of the pituitary gland is poorly understood, producing different forms of melanocyte-stimulating-hormone (MSH) and large amounts of ß-endorphin.
A)True
B)False
23
The axons of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract join the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.
A)True
B)False
24
The anterior lobe of the pituitary is more a storage organ for hormones than a true gland.
A)True
B)False
25
If any tissue deserves the title, the hypothalamus rather than the anterior pituitary should be considered the true "master gland" in the body.
A)True
B)False
26
The vascular link between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is called the hypothalmo-hypophyseal portal system, transporting releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus toward specific target cells in the adenohypophysis.
A)True
B)False
27
Anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH, TSH, and the gonadotropins (FSH and LH) is controlled by positive feedback loops from hormones produced by target cells.
A)True
B)False
28
During the menstrual cycle, rising levels of estradiol cause a temporary "surge" in the blood levels of LH that results in ovulation of an ovum from the a large follicle-an example of positive feedback control of target gland secretion.
A)True
B)False
29
The synchronization of female menstrual cycles (the "dormitory effect") and circadian rhythms ("about a day") are good examples of the influence of higher brain centers on the anterior pituitary-adrenal gland interaction, or axis.
A)True
B)False
30
The adrenal medulla is derived from embryonic mesoderm, whereas the adrenal cortex is derived from embryonic neural (ectoderm) tissue.
A)True
B)False
31
When individuals are under stressful conditions, there is decreased secretion of ACTH and, thus, decreased secretion of adrenal corticosteroids.
A)True
B)False
32
Many pleasant life changes such as marriage, graduation, or job promotion can be forms of "stress," thereby activating the pituitary-adrenal axis and causing an increase in the secretions of ACTH and corticosteroid hormones.
A)True
B)False
33
Hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex are expected to increase cardiac rate and cardiac output, respiratory rate, and other major functions.
A)True
B)False
34
Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal cortex, releasing large quantities of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
A)True
B)False
35
The thyroid gland is the only gland in the body that expends metabolic energy in the active transport of iron atoms from the blood and into the colloid of the thyroid follicles.
A)True
B)False
36
Basal metabolic rate can be defined as the minimum number of calories burned or expended by the body just to stay alive.
A)True
B)False
37
Hypothyroidism in infants results in cretinism, a disease characterized by severe mental retardation.
A)True
B)False
38
Graves' disease, or toxic goiter, is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are made that act like TSH and abnormally stimulate the thyroid gland.
A)True
B)False
39
Between the follicles of the thyroid gland are epithelial cells called parafollicular cells that secrete the hormone known as calcitonin (or thyrocalcitonin).
A)True
B)False
40
When most of the patient's thyroid gland is surgically removed, the blood levels of thyroxine drop rapidly since it has an extremely short half-life.
A)True
B)False
41
The major action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is to control the Ca2+ levels of the blood.
A)True
B)False
42
The pancreas is considered a mixed gland since it produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions.
A)True
B)False
43
Glucagon is a hormone that is active when an individual is fasting or starving, stimulating the hydrolysis of stored fat (lipolysis) and liver glycogen (glycogenolysis) so that fuel levels will rise in the blood, providing energy to the cells.
A)True
B)False
44
After the age of seven, the pineal gland begins to shrink and in an adult appears as a thickened strand of fibrous tissue.
A)True
B)False
45
The pineal gland and the release of its principal hormone, melatonin, is controlled by sympathetic neurons projecting from the hypothalamus.
A)True
B)False
46
The hormone melatonin has been implicated in many physiological processes such as jet lag and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) or "winter depression."
A)True
B)False
47
Both the stomach and small intestine secrete a number of hormones that act locally and on tissues of the pancreas and gallbladder.
A)True
B)False
48
Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone secreted by the placenta that is similar in its action to luteinizing hormone.
A)True
B)False
49
In males, the interstitial tissues produce sperm and the seminiferous tubules secrete testosterone.
A)True
B)False
50
Neurotransmitters can no longer be distinguished from hormones by their chemical structures; they must, instead, be separated by their actions, or functions.
A)True
B)False
51
Inhibiting the action of cyclooxygenase would minimize blood clotting.
A)True
B)False







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