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Fill in the Blanks
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1

Cranial nerves emerge from the ; whereas nerves emerge from the spinal cord.
2

In the CNS, the supporting cells are collectively called .
3

The perikaryon is another name for a part of the neuron known as the cell .
4

The cell bodies within the peripheral nervous system are often clustered into groups called .
5

Nerve impulses originate at the origin of the axon near the cell body, the location known as the axon .
6

flow is fairly slow transport of molecules along the axon that results form rhythmic waves of contraction that push the cytoplasm from the hillock to the nerve endings.
7

Sensory neurons are neurons conducting impulses toward the CNS; whereas motor neurons are neurons conducting impulses away from the CNS.
8

A is a cable-like bundle of axons located outside the PNS.
9

cells form myelin sheaths around peripheral axons.
10

The are phagocytic cells that migrate through the CNS and remove foreign and degenerated material.
11

The end-feet of the are responsible for the formation of the blood-brain barrier.
12

The disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the myelin sheath is multiple .
13

The release glutamine for use by neurons in their synthesis of neurotransmitter glutamate.
14

Connections between regions of the central nervous system are provided , which are groups of nerve fibers in the central nervous system.
15

All cells in the body maintain a potential difference (voltage) across the membrane, known as the membrane potential.
16

When positive charges flow out of the neuron so that the inside of the cell becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential, the oscilloscope line will deflect downward indicating .
17

When the gated ion channels along the axon membrane open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential, these ion channels are said to regulated.
18

The diffusion of ion out of the cell makes the inside of the cell more postive—a process called .
19

The nerve impulse is also referred to as the potential.
20

In the formation of an action potential the last ion to diffuse is .
21

The all-or-none statement means that when action potentials are formed, the of the action potential will always be the same or the action potential will simply not form at all.
22

During an action potential, the refractory period occurs while the Na+ gates are open and the membrane cannot respond to any subsequent stimulus.
23

Since each action potential is a separate, all-or-none event, an increase in the strength of the applied stimulus is coded strictly by the of the action potentials generated.
24

The conduction rate of action potentials is faster when the axon is surrounded by and when the diameter of the axon is .
25

conduction refers to the tremendous increase in velocity that occurs as action potentials "leap" from one node of Ranvier to the next.
26

The chemicals that are made by the neuron cell and released into the synaptic cleft and then induce some kind of response from the next neuron or effector, are known as .
27

junctions are electrical synapses that couple neighboring cardiac or smooth muscle cells to one another, allowing continuity of excitation and contraction responses.
28

Neurotransmitter molecules are packaged by the neuron into small, membrane-enclosed sacs known as vesicles.
29

When action potentials arrive at the axon terminal, voltage-regulated Ca2+ channels open, calcium ions flow into the cytoplasm and a regulatory protein, called is activated.
30

The proteins known as may aid in the fusion of the synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane.
31

The excitatory postsynaptic potential is formed locally on the postsynaptic cell membrane as neurotransmitters cause ion channels to open and the membrane becomes less negative, or becomes electrically .
32

The two major subtypes of acetylcholine receptors are and .
33

Of the two types of acetylcholine receptor subtypes, only acetylcholine receptors activate G-protein operated ion channels.
34

is the enzyme that inactivates the acetylcholine molecules that are diffusing across the synaptic cleft to bind with receptors on the postsynaptic cell.
35

Unlike action potentials, EPSPs do not have a potential; rather they are graded and produce depolarizations that can be summed without a refractory period.
36

The motor end plate is an important site of interaction located on the postsynaptic membrane of a fiber, immediately across a synapse from the motor neuron.
37

The action of acetylcholine released from the vagus nerve is to the heart rate.
38

The individual subunits of a G-protein are bind to prior to dissociation.
39

Alzheimer's disease may be associated with a loss of neurons that use as a neurotransmitter.
40

Serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine belong to the chemical family.
41

is the enzyme that converts ATP molecules in the cytoplasm to cyclic AMP when activated by the alpha subunit of a G-protein.
42

L-dopa is a drug used to treat disease because dopamine is not permitted to cross the blood-brain barrier.
43

The amino acid is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS.
44

The hormone or CCK, secreted from the small intestine, is also released from neurons and used as a neurotransmitter in the brain—perhaps promoting feelings of satiety following meals.
45

Enkephalins, β-endorphins, and dynorphin are all compounds belonging to the family of polypeptides identified as endogenous .
46

is the first gas known to act as a regulatory molecule in the body, with a number of different roles—from relaxing smooth muscle to killing bacterial.
47

Numerous presynaptic nerve fibers converging on and summating their excitatory effects on a single postsynaptic neuron, best describes summation.
48

Repetitive stimulation of neurons may lead to "learning" because the excitability of the synapses involved are enhanced—a phenomenon known as long-term (LTP).
49

Axoaxonic synapses are characteristic of a type of synaptic inhibition known as inhibition.
50

All monoamines are derived from the amino acid .
51

Axon regeneration has been shown to be inhibited by (hyphenated-word and two other words).
52

When nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are occupied, an ion channel opens and and diffuse simultaneously and in opposite directions through the open channel, resulting in depolarization and EPSPs.
53

Most monoamine neurotransmitters cannot cross the membrane and and consequently these neurotransmitters bind to receptors that produce a second messenger known as .
54

Glutamate binds to three different receptor subtypes known as , , and .







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