Chapter 4: Informal Fallacies

After distinguishing formal and informal fallacies, fifteen types of informal fallacies are discussed under three main headings:

4.1 Fallacies Involving Irrelevant Premises: Argument against the Person (including the abusive ad hominem, circumstantial ad hominem, and tu quoque), Straw Man Fallacy, Appeal to Force, Appeal to the People, Appeal to Pity, and Appeal to Ignorance.

4.2 Fallacies Involving Ambiguity: Equivocation, Amphiboly, Composition, and Division.

4.3 Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions: Begging the Question, False Dilemma, Appeal to Unreliable Authority, False Cause Fallacy, and the Fallacy of Complex Question.