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1 | |
The neutral assembly theory of community composition: |
|
| | A) | contributes to our understanding of the formation of communities, starting with an empty habitat, based on random species invasions. |
| | B) | has a distinct temporal scale of 1 year. |
| | C) | has been the theory of choice, widely accepted by limnological community ecologists in the 20th Century. |
| | D) | is based on the concept of "hysteresis." |
| | E) | was developed by Art Hasler, a Wisconsin limnologist. |
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2 | |
If one looks at data for freshwater lakes of the world, over the broadest possible range of disturbance, how is species richness related to disturbance? As disturbance increases,
species richness: |
|
| | A) | decreases. |
| | B) | decreases, then increases. |
| | C) | increases. |
| | D) | increases, then decreases. |
| | E) | shows no significant correlation. |
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3 | |
At the time your limnology text was published, limnologists were most likely to agree that the best and most complete explanation of zooplankton diel vertical migration is that the
phenomenon is an ecological strategy that allows zooplankton in large eutrophic lakes to: |
|
| | A) | avoid high light levels. |
| | B) | collect and digest food in the most efficient manner possible. |
| | C) | escape visual predators, and to metabolize rapidly during part of the 24-hour cycle. |
| | D) | keep one step ahead of tactile predators. |
| | E) | recover from the tendency to sink below the thermocline. |
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4 | |
"Island Biogeography" is the name of a theory that: |
|
| | A) | is based on Niche Assembly theory. |
| | B) | is used to predict species composition of zooplankton communities. |
| | C) | makes the basic assumptions of Neutral Assembly theory. |
| | D) | predicts fewer species in larger lakes. |
| | E) | requires quantitative knowledge of extinction and immigration rates. |
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5 | |
Which statement is most true about invasive species? |
|
| | A) | A set of dependable criteria exists to identify which species will become nuisance invaders before the invasion occurs. |
| | B) | "Founder" species that become established in a region where they were previously absent are highly likely to become nuisance species. |
| | C) | The model describing species invasion is composed of several steps, including dispersal and persistance. |
| | D) | There are more nuisance than neutral species in lake pelagic zones. |
| | E) | Invasive species are now routinely and successfully controlled by careful attention to their sources of origin. |
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6 | |
The over-all community (including fish, zooplankton, benthic organisms, and macrophytes) of Laurentian Great Lakes is characterized by: |
|
| | A) | long-term stability in composition. |
| | B) | frequent change between two alternate stable states. |
| | C) | many invasive species that are nuisances. |
| | D) | lack of ways for new species to colonize the lakes. |
| | E) | lack of interest in the role of invasive species in the lakes. |
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7 | |
The PEG model of zooplankton species succession developed using data from lakes in the temperate zone: |
|
| | A) | contributes to our understanding of the formation of communities, starting with an empty habitat, based on random species invasions. |
| | B) | has a distinct temporal scale of 1 year. |
| | C) | has been by replaced by the "Alternate Stable State" theory by limnological community ecologists in the 20th Century. |
| | D) | is based on the concept of "hysteresis." |
| | E) | was developed by Art Hasler, a Wisconsin limnologist. |
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8 | |
The primary producer community of a shallow lake can be dominated, over a period of years, by either algae or aquatic macrophytes. In a single year, a group of similar shallow lakes in the same lake district may be observed to be dominated by either algae or aquatic macrophytes. These observations form the basis for the theory of: |
|
| | A) | Alternate Stable States. |
| | B) | Biomanipulation. |
| | C) | Cultural Eutrophication. |
| | D) | Invasion. |
| | E) | PEG model of succession. |
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9 | |
According to the PEG model of annual succession of zooplankton species, which is most true? Large zooplankton, such as Daphnia, reach their peak population abundance during the: |
|
| | A) | beginning of ice-out (the time when the ice thaws in the Spring). |
| | B) | clear water phase in late Spring. |
| | C) | clear water phase in the winter. |
| | D) | end of the summer, when the epilimnion is the warmest. |
| | E) | fall equinox, when photoperiod is decreasing most rapidly. |
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10 | |
Your job, as a conservation ecologist working for the state government, is to restore wild rice to Lake Wingra, WI, a shallow eutrophic urban lake, which is now dominated by cyanobacteria. The lake lies in a watershed in which nutrient flow has been reduced as much as is economically feasible. The first step you would most likely propose is to begin the process of: |
|
| | A) | alternate stable state reversal, via further reduction of nutrient inputs. |
| | B) | biomanipulation which would involve changing the composition and abundance of the fish community. |
| | C) | cultural eutrophication, which would require a change in recycling programs. |
| | D) | dystrophication, via an increase in dissolve organic compounds in the lake. |
| | E) | introduction of specific exotic species, which would cause hysteresis to occur. |
2005 McGraw-Hill Higher Education