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| 1 | |
Joseph II instituted all of the following "enlightened" reforms EXCEPT |
| | A) | free expression, religious toleration, and greater state control of the Church. |
| | B) | the end of judicial torture and class distinctions in the administration of justice. |
| | C) | convocation of the estates as a parliamentary forum for political discussion. |
| | D) | abolition of serfdom and creation of a freeholding peasantry. |
| | E) | limits on financial obligations of peasant tenants to their landlords and to the state. |
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| 2 | |
"Enlightened absolutism" failed to achieve many lasting reforms for all of the following reasons EXCEPT |
| | A) | a lack of genuine commitment on the part of some of the monarchs. |
| | B) | a preference for administrative reforms rather than empowerment of citizens. |
| | C) | entrenched opposition from the aristocracy, the clergy, and privileged, or just conservative, commoners. |
| | D) | the efforts weakened the states and made them vulnerable to conquest by others. |
| | E) | resistance from the peasants—the people who were to benefit most—because of their distrust of the state. |
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| 3 | |
The pre-Revolutionary constitutional crises in Western Europe were fueled by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | attempts by the aristocracy to improve their position visa-vie the monarchy. |
| | B) | general correspondence between the views of the clergy and those of the aristocracy. |
| | C) | democratic agitation by unprivileged commoners against both monarchy and aristocracy. |
| | D) | overtures by the monarchs to the commoners to form a common front against the aristocracy. |
| | E) | demands by urban artisans for more of a voice in governmental policy-making. |
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| 4 | |
Upheavals in the British Empire included all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | radical agitation by merchants and gentry against the crown and aristocracy. |
| | B) | the struggle between John Wilkes and the crown over his vicious criticisms of the government. |
| | C) | agitation by groups of solid citizens for parliamentary reform. |
| | D) | opposition and ultimately rebellion in Britain's North American colonies. |
| | E) | organizations calling for greater freedom of the press. |
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| 5 | |
Political agitation in America differed fundamentally from that in Europe because the Americans |
| | A) | appealed to traditional rights of all British and theories of popular sovereignty and natural rights. |
| | B) | focused on practical issues like opposition to taxation rather than abstract principles of liberty. |
| | C) | grounded their protests in the body of privileges that the monarchy violated with its new tax plans. |
| | D) | organized their protests on the basis of interest groups: landowners, merchants, and artisans. |
| | E) | dissent was organized by local militia. |
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| 6 | |
The American Revolution was pathbreaking for all of the following reasons EXCEPT |
| | A) | it maintained an alliance between social strata based on a shared commitment to legal equality. |
| | B) | it created the first modern government based on participation and consent of the citizens. |
| | C) | it created a government that balanced the aspirations of the common people with the military leadership. |
| | D) | it was the first successful rebellion by overseas colonies against their European masters. |
| | E) | it established political rights and legal equality for all adult men. |
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| 7 | |
The Revolution of 1789 was caused by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | new theories of politics emphasizing rationality and popular sovereignty over tradition and divine right. |
| | B) | growing assertiveness on the part of the aristocracy that made it ready to exploit the king's fiscal woes. |
| | C) | the desire of the bourgeoisie to win political control of the nation to match its socioeconomic dominance. |
| | D) | popular discontent caused by overpopulation, crop failures, grain shortages, and high levels of vagrancy. |
| | E) | the example of the American Revolution. |
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| 8 | |
The core of the monarchy's fiscal problem was its |
| | A) | heavy spending in support of the American rebels. |
| | B) | lavish spending on court festivities and frivolities. |
| | C) | refusal to consider significant reform measures to tap the nation's wealth. |
| | D) | inability to find competent ministers to put reform measures into place. |
| | E) | historic inability to tax privileged groups. |
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| 9 | |
The critical question as the Estates General met was whether it would meet as one or three chambers because |
| | A) | the Third Estate had twice as many representatives, and so could dominate a combined chamber. |
| | B) | the nobles and clergy plus conservative commoners would dominate a combined chamber. |
| | C) | the double vote given the Third Estate meant that three separate chambers would constantly deadlock. |
| | D) | the liberal clergy could ally the First Estate with the Third to achieve a majority of two of three chambers. |
| | E) | of threats of a rebellion by the nobles. |
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| 10 | |
The Estates General legally became the National Assembly when |
| | A) | Louis XVI and Necker met with it on May 5 and established its voting procedures. |
| | B) | the Third Estate invited the others to join it and proclaimed itself the National Assembly.. |
| | C) | the king, faced with the Third Estate's refusal to meet separately, ordered the other estates to join it. |
| | D) | the people of Paris stormed the Bastille and took over the municipal government. |
| | E) | the First Estate ceded all authority to the Third. |
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| 11 | |
The different revolutions that converged during the summer of 1789 included all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | the Parisian insurrection of July 14 that forestalled a military coup by royalist forces. |
| | B) | the "Great Fear," in which peasants across the country rebelled against their seigniorial landlords. |
| | C) | the August 4 Decree abolishing feudalism and the Declaration of the Rights of Man setting the new order. |
| | D) | the storming of the Tuileries and the suspension of the king by the Legislative Assembly. |
| | E) | the peasant uprising over heavy church tithes and rumors of counter-revolution. |
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| 12 | |
Between 1789 and 1791 the National Assembly accomplished all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | shifting power to citizens with property and creating a limited monarchy and powerful legislature. |
| | B) | extending civil and political equality to Jews and blacks in France's Caribbean colonies. |
| | C) | reforming and standardizing local administration and replacing the old judicial system. |
| | D) | applying principles of laissez-faire to economics. |
| | E) | debating the extension of political rights to women. |
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| 13 | |
The National Assembly's religious policy included all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | confiscating ecclesiastical property, issuing notes backed by its value, and auctioning off the land. |
| | B) | reforming the administration of the Catholic Church in France. |
| | C) | encouraging the clergy to renounce their vocations and marry. |
| | D) | requiring the clergy to take an oath of loyalty to the constitution. |
| | E) | the church could no longer exist as an independent corporation—as a separate estate within the state. |
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| 14 | |
The effect of the National Assembly's religious policy was to |
| | A) | lay a lasting foundation for the government's finances. |
| | B) | alienate most of the clergy and many devout French people. |
| | C) | undermine the long-term viability of Catholicism in France. |
| | D) | create the basis of a lasting partnership between church and state. |
| | E) | provoke a counter-revolution led by members of the clergy and their supporters. |
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| 15 | |
The monarchy fell in August, 1792 because of all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | the king's long-standing and increasingly apparent opposition to the revolution. |
| | B) | the outbreak of war against Austria, Prussia, and the counter-revolutionary émigrés. |
| | C) | the king's veto of measures to suppress dissidents and mobilize the national guard around Paris. |
| | D) | the royalist coup attempt by political prisoners held in Parisian jails supported by the Duke of Brunswick. |
| | E) | the king's apparent treasonous relationship with the Prussian Duke of Brunswick. |
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| 16 | |
The main parties in the National Convention included all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | the Girondins, who advocated provincial liberty and laissez-faire economics. |
| | B) | the Mountain, the more radical faction, which demanded bold measures to protect the revolution. |
| | C) | the Plain, the majority of delegates, who were uncertain which path to follow. |
| | D) | the sans-culottes, who denounced even the Mountain as too moderate. |
| | E) | the Jacobin Club, Paris's most radical faction from whom the leadership of the Mountain were drawn. |
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| 17 | |
The Convention faced violent opposition from all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | anti-revolutionary peasants, émigrés, royalists, and moderates in the west and south. |
| | B) | the Paris Commune, which insisted that it actually embodied the will of the nation. |
| | C) | Parisian sans-culottes who wanted radical measures like price controls and execution of speculators. |
| | D) | an enlarged foreign coalition including Austria, Prussia, Spain, Piedmont, and Britain. |
| | E) | priests and other functionaries of the Catholic Church who resisted the revolution at all costs. |
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| 18 | |
After the purge of the Girondins, the Jacobin Dictatorship was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | implementation of the constitution drafted by the Convention to deal with the emergency situation. |
| | B) | laws imposing price controls. |
| | C) | rule by the "Committee of Public Safety" led by Robespierre. |
| | D) | a "Reign of Terror" that killed anti-revolutionaries, political opponents, and citizens thought suspicious. |
| | E) | laws allowing the arrest of suspected traitors. |
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| 19 | |
The sans-culottes were politically mobilized urban common people who favored all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | price controls and punishment of profiteers. |
| | B) | antiaristocratic styles of dress, manners, and morals. |
| | C) | decentralized, direct democracy. |
| | D) | land reform to increase the holdings of small farmers. |
| | E) | an end to laissez-faire economic policies. |
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| 20 | |
The Revolutionary war effort was successful for all of the following reasons EXCEPT |
| | A) | the enthusiasm of soldiers fighting to defend their newly won freedoms. |
| | B) | the ability of the state to mobilize men and material on a far greater scale than before. |
| | C) | the new tactics using massive attack columns in place of the well-drilled lines of the old army. |
| | D) | the massive uprisings of common people in bordering countries and the enemy nations. |
| | E) | the military was under civilian control, and discipline applied equally to officers and men thus forging loyalty among the troops. |
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