1. Ideologies such as conservatism, liberalism, and early socialism proliferated, offering ways of understanding and dealing with change.

2. A variety of social changes--including class development, population growth, and urbanization--accompanied and interacted with industrialization. Despite the dictates of economic liberalism, governments felt compelled to intervene in social affairs.

3. Reforms in Britain and the revolutions of 1830 mark the beginning of a new age of moderate liberalism in Western Europe.