1. Economic growth and industrial progress accelerated during the second half of the nineteenth century. The period was also one of great demographic growth, particularly in cities.

2. Science, ideas of progress, and knowledge of the non-European world proliferated during this period.

3. The decades between 1860 and 1914 witnessed a great growth of popular culture, social institutions, and cultural styles.

4. Marxists, radicals, Christians, and conservatives attacked the ideals and practices of liberalism.

5. Almost all European nations experienced difficulties adjusting to social change that were reflected in political conflict and efforts for reform.