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| 1 | |
The "Bismarckian system" of the 1870s and 1880s involved all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | secret pacts pledging mutual defense or neutrality in case of attack by another power. |
| | B) | diplomatic maneuvers to keep France isolated to avoid the threat of its revenge over Alsace-Lorraine. |
| | C) | the careful but ruthless use of warfare to gain national ends against diplomatically isolated enemies. |
| | D) | maintaining peace among the European powers by allowing them balanced gains outside Europe. |
| | E) | a series of negotiated settlements designed to bring stability to the Balkans. |
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| 2 | |
After Bismarck's dismissal, his successors' perpetuated his system but failed to |
| | A) | maintain secret defensive pacts. |
| | B) | keep France isolated. |
| | C) | use the threat of war. |
| | D) | keep a balance in overseas gains. |
| | E) | control the Ottoman Empire. |
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| 3 | |
The chief cause of Germany's diplomatic failure was |
| | A) | its abrasive manner and aggressive policies. |
| | B) | its repeated betrayal of its allies. |
| | C) | the cunning of its enemies and perfidy of its allies. |
| | D) | its inability to back its words with power. |
| | E) | its penchant for unilateral military intervention. |
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| 4 | |
The reason that England moved into the anti-German camp was it felt threatened by |
| | A) | Germany's colonial gains. |
| | B) | the German navy. |
| | C) | German's huge army. |
| | D) | Germany's economic competition. |
| | E) | Germany's advantages in weapons technology. |
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| 5 | |
World War I started when all of the following came to a head EXCEPT |
| | A) | Austria-Hungary's rivalry with Russia in the Balkans. |
| | B) | France's desire to get revenge against Germany for 1870. |
| | C) | Britain's long-standing commitment to Belgian neutrality. |
| | D) | Italy's colonial rivalry with France in North Africa. |
| | E) | Germany's support for Austria-Hungary in the Balkans. |
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| 6 | |
The war did not go as expected because |
| | A) | armies moved with an unanticipated speed because of advances in technology. |
| | B) | it did not end quickly since technology favored the defense. |
| | C) | naval battles rather than battles on land proved to be the decisive factor. |
| | D) | the German army did not live up to the reputation it had gained in 1870. |
| | E) | Germany's lightening strike through Belgium knocked France out of the war. |
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| 7 | |
With the repeated, costly failure of offensives designed to break through enemy lines, the Germans |
| | A) | went on the defensive, hoping to gain victory through the economic collapse of the Allies. |
| | B) | tried to negotiate, offering a peace based on the status quo at the beginning of the war. |
| | C) | tried attrition, trading German lives for Allied lives until, they hoped, the Allies would give up. |
| | D) | appealed to the Americans, hoping they would attack the Allies from behind. |
| | E) | focused primarily on a devastating air war against British and French cities. |
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| 8 | |
In contrast to the stalemate on the Western Front, the Eastern Front saw sweeping movements of armies that |
| | A) | gradually wore Germany down. |
| | B) | ended up at the same point they began. |
| | C) | forced Austria-Hungary out of the war. |
| | D) | forced a British intervention in the Balkans. |
| | E) | eventually brought the collapse of Russia. |
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| 9 | |
Deaths in different campaigns included all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | 25,000 Frenchmen and 20,000 Germans in the Battle of the Marne in September 1914. |
| | B) | over 300,000 Frenchmen and almost 300,000 Germans at Verdun from February to July 1916. |
| | C) | more than 300,000 on each side during the Battle of the Somme from July to November 1916. |
| | D) | more than 1,000,000 Russians in Brusilov's offensive during 1916. |
| | E) | more than 30,000 Senegalese lost their lives fighting for the French in a series of campaigns. |
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| 10 | |
The war at sea |
| | A) | played no significant role in the war. |
| | B) | was decided by the clash of the British and German fleets at Jutland. |
| | C) | was important for the economic effects of Britain's blockade and Germany's U-boat campaign. |
| | D) | was important mainly because Britain was able to launch amphibious attacks on the German flanks. |
| | E) | was important only in the Mediterranean region. |
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| 11 | |
The British, French, and Germans mobilized themselves for protracted war by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | taking control of the economy to maximize production for the war effort. |
| | B) | suppressing domestic dissent. |
| | C) | drawing women into traditionally male jobs to replace men conscripted into the army. |
| | D) | abolishing social distinctions in order to promote social cohesion. |
| | E) | censoring the press. |
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| 12 | |
With the collapse of the Russian autocracy and the entry of the United States, the Allies styled the war as |
| | A) | the West against the East. |
| | B) | democracy against monarchy. |
| | C) | capitalism versus communism. |
| | D) | a struggle against German dictatorship. |
| | E) | the war to end all wars. |
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| 13 | |
During 1918 all of the following occurred EXCEPT |
| | A) | the communist government in Russia made a separate peace with Germany. |
| | B) | Germany launched a desperate offensive in the West that brought it substantial gains. |
| | C) | the Western Allies held and, reinforced by fresh American troops, began to throw the Germans back. |
| | D) | the German emperor realized that the war was lost and concluded a humiliating peace with the Allies. |
| | E) | the Germans and Turks experienced terrible defeats in the Middle East. |
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| 14 | |
The First World War had all of the following effects EXCEPT |
| | A) | it caused widespread and profound psychological disillusionment, social instability, and political turmoil. |
| | B) | it transformed Europe from creditor to debtor status. |
| | C) | it killed between 10,000,000 and 13,000,000 people, including about 4,000,000 civilians. |
| | D) | it increased the status of the aristocracy and middle class relative to the workers and peasantry. |
| | E) | it redrew the maps of Europe as new nations emerged from the ashes of old empires. |
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| 15 | |
The war destroyed all of the following empires EXCEPT |
| | A) | the Austro-Hungarian. |
| | B) | the Ottoman. |
| | C) | the German. |
| | D) | the Russian. |
| | E) | the British. |
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| 16 | |
The Treaty of Versailles imposed all of the following on Germany EXCEPT |
| | A) | territorial losses in the West and the East. |
| | B) | heavy reparations. |
| | C) | complete disarmament. |
| | D) | responsibility for the war. |
| | E) | an end to colonial empire. |
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| 17 | |
Which of the following was NOT a consideration in drawing the new borders in Eastern Europe? |
| | A) | allegiances during the war |
| | B) | the will of the people |
| | C) | the principle of legitimacy |
| | D) | security interests |
| | E) | geographical or "natural" boundaries |
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| 18 | |
The new German republic faced all of the following problems EXCEPT |
| | A) | the leftist "Spartacist" uprising in 1919. |
| | B) | hyper-inflation. |
| | C) | rightist paramilitary activity. |
| | D) | war with Poland and Hungary. |
| | E) | a military that was able to win increasing independence from the civilian government. |
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| 19 | |
Economic recovery and assimilation of social changes led to stable democracy in all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | France and Britain. |
| | B) | Scandinavia. |
| | C) | Italy, Greece, and Hungary. |
| | D) | Germany and Czechoslovakia. |
| | E) | the Low Countries. |
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| 20 | |
All of the following were effective in reducing the sources of international tensions during the 1920s EXCEPT |
| | A) | the Dawes Plan, which regularized Germany's reparations payments and arranged for American loans. |
| | B) | the Locarno Pact, which settled Germany's border with France. |
| | C) | the Kellogg-Briand pact, which renounced war "as an instrument of national policy." |
| | D) | the Washington Naval Conference, which limited the number of major warships in the worlds' navies. |
| | E) | the League of Nations, which successfully established the Permanent Court of International Justice. |
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