Robert Feldman,
University of Massachusetts - Amherst
ISBN: 007288665x Copyright year: 2005
Table of Contents
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
Module 1: Psychologists at Work
The Subfields of Psychology: Psychology's Family Tree
What Are the Biological Foundations of Behavior?
How Do People Sense, Perceive, Learn, and Think About the World?
What Are the Sources of Change and Stability in Behavior Across the Life Span?
How Do Psychological Factors Affect Physical and Mental Health?
How Do Our Social Networks Affect Behavior?
Expanding Psychology's Frontiers
Working at Psychology
Psychologists: A Statistical Protrait
The Education of a Psychologist
Careers for Psychology Majors
Module 2: A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future
The Roots of Psychology
Women in Psychology: Founding Mothers
Today's Perspectives
The Neurosciences Perspective: Blood, Sweat, and Fears
The Psychodynamic Perspective Understanding the Inner Person
The Behavioral Perspective: Observing the Outer Person
The Cognitive Perspective: Identifying the Roots of Understanding
The Humanistic Perspective: The Unique Qualities of Homo sapiens
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Psychology and the Reduction of Violence
Module 3: Psychology's Key Issues and Controversies
Exploring Diversity: Understanding How Culture, Ethnicity, and Race Influence Behavior
Psychology's Future
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Thinking Critically About Psychology: Distinguishing Legitimate Psychology from Pseudo-Psychology
Archival Research
Naturalistic Observation
Survey Research
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Serious Playtime: Using a Video Game to Study Racial Bias
The Case Study
Correlational Research
Experimental Research
The Final Step: Random Assignment of Participants
Were Latané and Darley Right?
Moving Beyond the Study
Module 6: Critical Research Issues
The Ethics of Research
Exploring Diversity: Choosing Participants Who Represent the Scope of Human Behavior
Should Animals Be Used in Research?
Threats to Experimental Validity: Experimenter and Participant Expectations
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Thinking Critically About Research
NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOR
Module 7: Neurons: The Basic Elements of Behavior
The Structure of the Neuron
How Neurons Fire
Where Neurons Meet: Bridging the Gap
Neurotransmitters: Multitalented Chemical Couriers
Module 8: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System: Communicating within the Body
The Nervous System
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
The Evolutionary Foundations of the Nervous System
Behavioral Genetics
The Endocrine System: Of Chemicals and Glands
Module 9: The Brain
Studying the Brain's Structure and Functions: Spying on the Brain
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Robot Rats and Wired Brains: Harnessing Brainpower to Improve Lives
The Central Core: Our "Old Brain"
The Limbic System: Beyond the Central Core
The Cerebral Cortex: Our "New Brain"
The Motor Area of the Cortex
The Sensory Area of the Cortex
The Association Areas of the Cortex
Mending the Brain
The Specialization of the Hemispheres: Two Brains or One?
Exploring Diversity: Human Diversity and the Brain
The Split Brain: Exploring the Two Hemispheres
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Learning to Control Your Heart—and Mind—through Biofeedback
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
Module 10: Sensing the World Around Us
Absoute Thresholds: Detecting What's Out There
Difference Thresholds: Noticing Distinctions Between Stimuli
Sensory Adaptation; Turning Down Our Responses
Module 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Illuminating the Structure of the Eye
Reaching the Retina
Sending the Message from the Eye to the Brain
Processing the Visual Message
Color Vision and Color Blindness: The Seven-Million-Color Spectrum
Module 12: Hearing and the Other Senses
Sensing Sound
The Physical Aspects of Sound
Hearing Loss and Deaf Culture
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Making Senses: New Technology for Hearing and Seeing
Sorting Out Theories of Sound
Balance: The Ups and Downs of Life
Smell and Taste
Smell
Taste
The Skin Senses: Touch, Pressure, Temperature, and Pain
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Managing Pain
Module 13: Perceptual Organization: Constructing Our View of the World
The Gestalt Laws of Organization
Feature Analysis: Focusing on the Parts of the Whole
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing
Perceptual Constancy
Depth Perception: Translating 2-D to 3-D
Motion Perception: As the World Turns
Perceptual Illusions: The Deceptions of Perceptions
Exploring Diversity: Culture and Perception
Subliminal Perception
Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Module 14: Sleep and Dreams
The Stages of Sleep
REM Sleep: The Paradox of Sleep
Why Do We Sleep, and How Much Sleep Is Necessary?
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Tired Teens: Adolescents Struggle to Balance Sleep and School
The Function and Meaning of Dreaming
Do Dreams Represent Unconscious Wish Fulfillment?
Dreams-for-Survival Theory
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Dream Theories in Perspective
Sleep Disturbances: Slumbering Problems
Circadian Rhythms: Life Cycles
Daydreams: Dreams Without Sleep
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Sleeping Better
Module 15: Hypnosis and Meditation
Hypnosis: A Trance-Forming Experience?
A Different State of Consciousness?
Meditation: Regulating Our Own State of Consciousness
Exploring Diversity: Cross-Cultural Routes to Altered States of Consciousness
Module 16: Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness
Stimulants: Drug Highs
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Depressants: Drug Lows
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Rohypnol
Narcotics: Relieving Pain and Anxiety
Hallucinogens: Psychedelic Drugs
MDMA (Ecstasy) and LSD
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Identifying Drug and Alcohol Problems
LEARNING
Module 17: Classical Conditioning
The Basics of Classical Conditioning
Applying Conditioning Principles to Human Behavior
Extinction
Generalization and Discrimination
Beyond Traditional Classical Conditioning: Challenging Basic Assumptions
Module 18: Operant Conditioning
Thorndike's Law of Effect
The Basics of Operant Conditioning
Reinforcing Desired Behavior
Positive Reinforcers, Negative Reinforcers, and Punishment
The Pros and Cons of Punishment: Why Reinforcement Beats Punishment
Schedules of Reinforcement: Timing Life's Rewards
Fixed- and Variable-Ratio Schedules
Fixed- and Variable-Interval Schedules: The Passage of Time
Discrimination and Generalization in Operant Conditioning
Shaping: Reinforcing What Doesn't Come Naturally
Biological Constraints on Learning: You Can't Teach an Old Dog Just Any Trick
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Using Behavior Analysis and Behavior Modification
Module 19: Cognitive-Social Approaches to Learning
Latent Learning
Observational Learning: Learning Through Imitation
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Violence in Television and Video Games: Does the Media's Message Matter?
Exploring Diversity: Does Culture Influence How We Learn?
MEMORY
Module 20: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval of Memory
The Three Systems of Memory: Memory Storehouses
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory: Giving Memory Meaning
Rehearsal
Long-Term Memory: The Final Storehouse
Contemporary Approaches to Memory: Working Memory, Memory Modules, and Associative Models of Memory
Working Memory
Long-Term Memory Modules
Associative Models of Memory
The Multiple Models of Memory
Module 21: Recalling Long-Term Memories
Retrieval Cues
Levels of Processing
Flashbulb Memories
Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: (Mis)Remembering Tragic Events
Memory in the Courtroom: The Eyewitness on Trial
Repressed Memories: Truth or Fiction?
Autobiographical Memory: Where Past Meets Present
Exploring Diversity: Are There Cross-Cultural Differences in Memory?
Module 22: Forgetting: When Memory Fails
Proactive and Retroactive Interference: The Before and After of Forgetting
The Biological Bases of Memory
Memory Dysfunctions: Afflictions of Forgetting
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Improving Your Memory
COGNITION AND LANGUAGE
Module 23: Thinking and Reasoning
Mental Images: Examining the Mind's Eye
Concepts: Categorizing the World
Reasoning: Making Up Your Mind
Syllogistic Reasoning: The Formal Rules of Logic
Algorithms and Heuristics
Module 24: Problem Solving
Preparation: Understanding and Diagnosing Problems
Kinds of Problems
Representing and Organizing the Problem
Production: Generating Solutions
Forming Subgoals: Dividing Problems into Their Parts
Insight: Sudden Awareness
Judgment: Evaluating the Solutions
Impediments to Solutions: Why Is Problem Solving Such a Problem?
Functional Fixedness and Mental Set
Inaccurate Evaluation of Solutions
Creativity and Problem Solving
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Thinking Critically and Creatively
Module 25: Language
Grammar: Language's Language
Language Development: Developing a Way with Words
Babbling
Production of Language
Understanding Language Acquisition: Identifying the Roots of Language
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Music on the Mind
The Influence of Language on Thinking: Do Eskimos Have More Words for Snow Than Texans Do?
Do Animals Use Language?
Exploring Diversity: Teaching with Linguistic Variety: Bilingual Education
INTELLIGENCE
Module 26: What Is Intelligence?
Theories of Intelligence: Are There Different Kinds of Intelligence?
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences: The Many Ways of Showing Intelligence
Is Information Processing Intelligence?
The Biological Basis of Intelligence
Practical and Emotional Intelligence: Toward a More Intelligent View of Intelligence
Assessing Intelligence
Binet and the Development of IQ Tests
Contemporary IQ Tests: Gauging Intelligence
Achievement and Aptitude Tests
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: When High IQ Keeps You from Getting a Job: Are You Too Smart for the Job You Want?
Reliability and Validity: Taking the Measure of Tests
Adaptive Testing: Using Computers to Assess Performance
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Scoring Better on Standardized Tests
Module 27: Variations in Intellectual Ability
Mental Retardation
Identifying the Roots of Mental Retardation
Integrating Individuals with Mental Retardation
The Intellectually Gifted
Module 28: Group Differences in Intelligence: Genetic and Environmental Determinants
Exploring Diversity: The Relative Influence of Genetics and Environment: Nature, Nurture, and IQ
Placing the HeredityÐEnvironment Question in Perspective
MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
Module 29: Explaining Motivation
Instinct Approaches: Born to Be Motivated
Drive-Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs
Homeostasis
Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction
Incentive Approaches: Motivation's Pull
Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation
Maslow's Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs
Applying the Different Approaches to Motivation
Module 30: Human Needs and Motivation: Eat, Drink, and Be Daring
The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating
Biological Factors in the Regulation of Hunger
Social Factors in Eating
The Roots of Obesity
Eating Disorders
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Dieting and Losing Weight Successfully
The Need for Achievement: Striving for Success
Measuring Achievement Motivation
The Need for Affiliation: Striving for Friendship
The Need for Power: Striving for Impact on Others
Module 31: Understanding Emotional Experiences
The Functions of Emotions
Determining the Range of Emotions: Labeling Our Feelings
The Roots of Emotions
The James-Lange Theory: Do Gut Reactions Equal Emotions?
The Cannon-Bard Theory: Physiological Reactions as the Result of Emotions
The Schachter-Singer Theory: Emotions as Labels
Contemporary Perspectives on the Neurological Underpinnings of Emotions
Making Sense of the Multiple Perspectives on Emotions
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: The Appearance of Deception: Can Nonverbal Behavior Be Used to Reveal Terrorists?
Module 32: Nonverbal Behavior and the Expression of Emotions
Exploring Diversity: Do People in All Cultures Express Emotion Similarly?
The Facial-Affect Program
Display Rules
The Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Smile, Though You're Feeling Blue
SEXUALITY AND GENDER
Module 33: Gender and Sex
Gender Roles: Society's Expectations for Women and Men
Sexism on the Job
Sexual Harassment
Gender Differences: More Similar Than Dissimilar
Personality Factors
Cognitive Abilities
Sources of Gender Differences: Where Biology and Society Meet
Biological and Evolutionary Factors
The Social Environment
Module 34: Understanding Human Sexual Response: The Facts of Life
The Basic Biology of Sexual Behavior
Psychological Aspects of Sexual Excitement: What Turns People On?
The Phases of Sexual Response: The Ups and Downs of Sex
Exploring Diversity: Female Circumcision: A Celebration of CultureÑor Genital Mutilation?
Module 35: The Varieties of Sexual Behavior
Approaches to Sexual Normality
Surveying Sex Behavior: What's Happening Behind Closed Doors?
Masturbation: Solitary Sex
Heterosexuality
Premarital Sex
Marital Sex
Homosexuality and Bisexuality
Module 36: Sexual Difficulties: When Sex Goes Wrong
Rape
Childhood Sexual Abuse
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Sexual Problems
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Bring Sexual Dysfunction into the Open: The Newest Sexual Revolution
Transgenderism
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Lowering the Risks of Date Rape
DEVELOPMENT
Module 37: Nature and Nurture: The Enduring Developmental Issue
Determining the Relative Influence of Nature and Nurture
Specific Research Approaches
Module 38: Prenatal Development: Conception to Birth
The Basics of Genetics
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Cloning, Gene Therapy, and the Coming Medical Revolution
The Earliest Development
Genetic Influences on the Fetus
Prenatal Environmental Influences
Module 39: Infancy and Childhood
The Extraordinary Newborn
Reflexes
Development of the Senses: Taking in the World
The Growing Child: Infancy Through Middle Childhood
Physical Development
Development of Social Behavior: Taking on the World
Cognitive Development: Children's Thinking About the World
Module 40: Adolescence: Becoming an Adult
Physical Development: The Changing Adolescent
Moral and Cognitive Development: Distinguishing Right from Wrong
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
Moral Development in Women
Social Development: Finding Oneself in a Social World
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development: The Search for Identity
Stormy Adolescence: Myth or Reality?
Adolescent Suicide
Exploring Diversity: Rites of Passage: Coming of Age Around the World
Module 41: Adulthood
Physical Development: The Peak of Health
Social Development: Working at Life
Marriage, Children, and Divorce: Family Ties
Changing Roles of Men and Women: The Time of Their Lives
The Later Years of Life: Growing Old
Physical Changes in Late Adulthood: The Aging Body
Cognitive Changes: Thinking AboutÑand DuringÑLate Adulthood
Memory Changes in Late Adulthood: Are Older Adults Forgetful?
The Social World of Late Adulthood: Old but Not Alone
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Adjusting to Death
PERSONALITY
Module 42: Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
Structuring Personality: Id, Ego, and Superego
Developing Personality: A Stage Approach
Defense Mechanisms
Evaluating Freud's Legacy
The Neo-Freudian Psycholanalysts
Jung's Collective Unconscious
Adler and the Other Neo-Freudians
Module 43: Other Major Approaches to Personality: In Search of Human Uniqueness
Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality
Allport's Trait Theory: Identifying the Basics
Cattell, Eysenck, and the Big Five: Factoring Out Personality
Evaluating Trait Approaches to Personality
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: The A-Team: What Personality Does It Take to Travel into Space?
Learning Approaches: We Are What We've Learned
Social Cognitive Approaches to Personality
Evaluating Learning Approaches to Personality
Biological and Evolutionary Approaches: Are We Born with Personality?
Humanistic Approaches: The Uniqueness of You
Evaluating Humanistic Approaches
Comparing Approaches to Personality
Module 44: Assessing Personality: Determining What Makes Us Special
Exploring Diversity: Should Race and Ethnicity Be Used to Establish Norms?
Self-Report Measures of Personality
Projective Methods
Behavioral Asessment
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Assessing Personality Assessments
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: STRESS, COPING, AND WELL-BEING
Module 45: Stress and Coping
Stress: Reacting to Threat and Challenge
The High Cost of Stress
The General Adaptation Syndrome Model: The Course of Stress
Psychoneuroimmunology and Stress
The Nature of Stressors: My Stress Is Your Pleasure
Categorizing Stressors
Learned Helplessness
Coping with Stress
Coping Styles: The Hardy Personality
Social Support: Turning to Others
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Effective Coping Strategies
Module 46: Psychological Aspects of Illness and Well-Being
The A's and B's of Coronary Heart Disease
Psychological Aspects of Cancer
Smoking
Quitting Smoking
Exploring Diversity: Hucksters of Death: Promoting Smoking Throughout the World
Module 47: Promoting Health and Wellness
Following Medical Advice
Failure to Communicate
Increasing Compliance with Health-Related Advice
Well-Being and Happiness
Does Money Buy Happiness?
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Happy Thoughts: Thinking Positively May Help You Live Longer
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Module 48: Normal Versus Abnormal: Making the Distinction
Defining Abnormality
Identifying Normal and Abnormal Behavior: Drawing the Line on Psychological Disorders
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Suicide Bombers: Normal or Abnormal?
Perspectives on Abnormality: From Superstition to Science
The Medical Perspective
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
The Behavioral Perspective
The Cognitive Perspective
The Humanistic Perspective
The Sociocultural Perspective
Classifying Abnormal Behavior: The ABCs of DSM DSM-IV: Determining Diagnostic Distinctions
Conning the Classifiers: The Shortcomings of DSM-IV
Module 49: The Major Psychological Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Phobic Disorder
Panic Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
The Causes of Anxiety Disorders
Somatoform Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Mood Disorders
Major Depression
Mania and Bipolar Disorders
Causes of Mood Disorders
Schizophrenia
Solving the Puzzle of Schizophrenia: Biological Causes
Environmental Perspectives on Schizophrenia
The Multiple Causes of Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
Childhood Disorders
Other Disorders
Module 50: Psychological Disorders in Perspective
The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders: The Mental State of the Union
The Social and Cultural Context of Psychological Disorders
Exploring Diversity: DSM and CultureÑand the Culture of DSM
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Deciding When You Need Help
TREATMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Module 51: Psychotherapy: Psychodymanic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Psychodynamic Approaches to Therapy
Psychoanalysis: Freud's Therapy
Contemporary Alternatives to Psychoanalysis
Behavioral Approaches to Therapy
Aversive Conditioning
Systematic Desensitization
Operant Conditioning Techniques
How Does Behavior Therapy Stack Up?
Cognitive Approaches to Therapy
Module 52: Psychotherapy: Humanistic, Interpersonal, and Group Approaches to Treatment
Humanistic Therapy
Person-Centered Therapy
Humanistic Approaches in Perspective
Interpersonal Therapy
Group Therapy
Family Therapy
Evaluating Psychotherapy: Does Therapy Work?
Is Therapy Effective?
Which Kind of Therapy Works Best?
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Therapy Online: Is the Internet a Good Place to Get Treatment?
Exploring Diversity: Racial and Ethnic Factors in Treatment: Should Therapists Be Color-Blind?
Module 53: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Drug Therapy
Antipsychotic Drugs
Antidepressant Drugs
Lithium
Antianxiety Drugs
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Psychosurgery
Biomedical Therapies in Perspective
Community Psychology: Focus on Prevention
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Choosing the Right Therapist
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Module 54: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Persuasion: Changing Attitudes
The Link Between Attitudes and Behavior
Social Cognition: Understanding Others
Understanding What Others Are Like
Impression Formation
Attribution Processes: Understanding the Causes of Behavior
Biases in Attribution: To Err Is Human
Exploring Diversity: Attributions in a Cultural Context: How Fundamental Is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
Module 55: Social Influence
Conformity: Following What Others Do
Groupthink: Caving in to Conformity
Compliance: Submitting to Direct Social Pressure
Obedience: Following Direct Orders
Module 56: Prejudice and Discrimination
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Discrimination in the Workplace: Can Your Name (or Hat) Cost You a Job?
The Foundations of Prejudice
Reducing the Consequences of Prejudice and Discrimination
Module 57: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Liking and Loving: Interpersonal Attraction and the Development of Relationships
How Do I Like Thee? Let Me Count the Ways
How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways
Aggression and Prosocial Behavior: Hurting and Helping Others
Hurting Others: Aggression
Helping Others: The Brighter Side of Human Nature
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Dealing Effectively with Anger
APPENDIX: GOING BY THE NUMBERS: STATISTICS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Module 58: Descriptive Statistics
The Mean: Finding the Average
The Median: Finding the Middle
The Mode: Finding What Is Most Frequent
Comparing the Three M's: Mean Versus Median Versus Mode
Module 59: Measures of Variability
The Range: Highest Minus Lowest
The Standard Deviation: Differences from the Mean
Module 60: Using Statistics to Answer Questions: Inferential Statistics and Correlation
The Correlation Coefficient: Measuring Relationships
Glossary
References
Credits
Name Index
Subject Index
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