 Strategic Management: Strategic Managment Gregory G. Dess,
University of Texas at Dallas
G.T. Lumpkin,
University of Illinois--Chicago
Business-Level Strategy: Creating and Sustaining Competitive Advantages
References| 1. Davis, J. E. 1994. Can The Limited fix itself? Fortune, October 17:161–72.
2. The discussion of Food Lion in the chapter draws on Dess, G. G. & Picken, J. C. 1997. Mission Critical, Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin Professional Publishing; and Dess, G. G. & Picken, J. C. 1999. Creating competitive (dis)advantage: Learning from Food Lion’s freefall. Academy of Management Executive, 13(3):97–111.
3. For a perspective on the need for adapting competitive strategies to competitive conditions, refer to Christenson, C. M. 2001. The past and the future of competitive strategy. Harvard Business Review, 42(2):105–9; and D’Aveni, R. A. 1999. Strategic supremacy through disruption and dominance. Sloan Management Review, 40(3):117–35.
4. Porter, M. E. 1980. Competitive strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
5. For a recent perspective by Porter on competitive strategy, refer to Porter, M. E. 1996. What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, 74(6):61–78.
6. Miller, A. & Dess, G. G. 1993. Assessing Porter’s model in terms of its generalizability, accuracy, and simplicity. Journal of Management Studies, 30(4):553–85.
7. Rao, A. R., Bergen, M. E. & Davis, S. 2000. How to fight a price war. Harvard Business Review, 78(2):107–20.
8. Whalen, C. J., Pascual, A. M., Lowery, T. & Muller, J. 2001. The top 25 managers. Business Week, January 8:63.
9. Ibid.
10. For an interesting perspective on the need for creative strategies, refer to Hamel, G. & Prahalad, C. K. 1994. Competing for the future. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
11. Symonds, W. C., Arndt, M., Palmer, A. T., Weintraub, A. & Holmes, S. 2001. Trying to break the choke hold. Business Week, January 22:38–39.
12. For a perspective on the sustainability of competitive advantages, refer to Barney, J. 1995. Looking inside for competitive advantage. Academy of Management Executive, 9(4):49–61.
13. Thornton, E. 2001. Why e-brokers are broker and broker. Business Week, January 22:94.
14. Koretz, G. 2001. E-commerce: The buyer wins. Business Week, January 8:30.
15. McMillan, I. & McGrath, R. 1997. Discovering new points of differentiation. Harvard Business Review, 75(4):133–45; Wise, R. & Baumgarter, P. 1999. Beating the clock: Corporate responses to rapid change in the PC industry. California Management Review, 42(1):8–36.
16. For a discussion on quality in terms of a company’s software and information systems, refer to Prahalad, C. K. & Krishnan, M. S. 1999. The new meaning of quality in the information age. Harvard Business Review, 77(5):109–18.
17. Taylor, A., III. Can you believe Porsche is putting its badge on this car? Fortune, February 19:168–72.
18. Ward, S., Light, L. & Goldstine, J. 1999. What high-tech managers need to know about brands. Harvard Business Review, 77(4):85–95.
19. Zesiger, S. 1999. Silicon speed. Fortune, September 13:120.
20. Blank, D. 2001. Down to the sea in mega-yachts. Business Week, October 30:18.
21. Whalen et al., op. cit.
22. Rosenfeld, J. 2000. Unit of one. Fast Company, April:98.
23. Markides, C. 1997. Strategic innovation. Sloan Management Review, 38(3):9–23.
24. Picken & Dess, op. cit., p. 84.
25. The authors would like to thank Scott Droege, PhD., student at the University of Kentucky, for providing this example.
26. Mardesich, J. 1999. What’s weighing down Microsoft? Fortune, January 11:147–84.
27. Symonds, W. C. 2000. Can Gillette regain its voltage? Business Week, October 16:102–4.
28. McGahan, A. M. 1999. Competition, strategy, and business performance. California Management Review, 41(3):74–102.
29. Gadiesh, O. & Gilbert, J. L. 1998. Profit pools: A fresh look at strategy. Harvard Business Review, 76(3):139–58.
30. Colvin, G. 2000. Beware: You could soon be selling soybeans. Fortune, November 13:80.
31. Whalen et al., op. cit., p. 63.
32. Ibid., p. 69.
33. Porter, M. E. 1996. What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, 74(6):61–78.
34. Hall, W. K. 1980. Survival strategies in a hostile environment. Harvard Business Review, 58:75–87.
35. Dess, G. G. & Davis, P. S. 1984. Porter’s (1980) generic strategies as determinants of strategic group membership and organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 27:467–88.
36. Kim, L. & Lim, Y. 1988. Environment, generic strategies, and performance in a rapidly developing country: A taxonomic approach. Academy of Management Journal, 31:802–27.
37. Wright, P., Hotard, D., Kroll, M., Chan, P. & Tanner, J. 1990. Performance and multiple strategies in a firm: Evidence from the apparel industry. In Dean, B. V. & Cassidy, J. C., eds. Strategic management: Methods and studies. Amsterdam: Elsevior-North Holland: 93–110.
38. Wright, P., Kroll, M., Tu, H. & Helms, M. 1991. Generic strategies and business performance: An empirical study of the screw machine products industry. British Journal of Management, 2:1–9.
39. Gilmore, J. H. & Pine, B. J., II. 1997. The four faces of customization. Harvard Business Review, 75(1):91–101.
40. Ibid.
41. For a discussion of the importance of technology evaluation and market assessment prior to embarking on mass customization, refer to Zipkin, P. 2001. The limits of mass customization. MIT Sloan Management Review, 42(3):81–88.
42. Goodstein, L. D. & Butz, H. E. 1998. Customer value: The Linchpin of organizational change. Organizational Dynamics, Summer: 21–34.
43. Gadiesh & Gilbert, op. cit., pp. 139–58.
44. This example draws on Dess & Picken, op. cit., pp. 97–111.
45. Forest, S. A. 2001. Can an outsider fix J. C. Penney? Business Week, February 12:56, 58.
46. Dickson, P. R. 1994. Marketing Management. Fort Worth, TX: Dryden Press: 293; Day, G. S. 1981. The product life cycle: Analysis and application. Journal of Marketing Research, 45:60–67.
47. Bearden, W. O., Ingram, T. N. & LaForge, R. W. 1995. Marketing principles and practices. Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin.
48. MacMillan, I. C. 1985. Preemptive strategies. In Guth, W. D., ed. Handbook of business strategy. Boston: Warren, Gorham & Lamont: 9-1–9-22; Pearce, J. A. & Robinson, R. B. 2000. Strategic management, 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; Dickson, op. cit., pp. 295–96.
49. Bartlett, C. A. & Ghoshal, S. 2000. Going global: Lessons for late movers. Harvard Business Review, 78(2):132–42.
50. Berkowitz, E. N., Kerin, R. A. & Hartley, S. W. 2000. Marketing. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
51. MacMillan, op. cit.
52. Brooker, K. 2001. A game of inches. Fortune, February 5:98–100.
53. MacMillan, op. cit.
54. Berkowitz et al., op. cit.
55. Bearden et al., op. cit.
56. The discussion of these four strategies draws on MacMillan, op. cit. Berkowitz et al.,
op. cit.; and Bearden, et al., op. cit.
57. Augustine, N. R. 1997. Reshaping an industry: Lockheed Martin’s survival story. Harvard Business Review, 75(3):83–94.
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