1 What Is Plant Biology? 1
Chapter Outline 1
Overview 2
Some Learning Goals 2
The Relationship of Humans to Their Environment 4
Botany As A Science 7
Diversification of Plant Study 8 2 The Nature of Life 12
Chapter Outline 12
Overview 13
Some Learning Goals 13
Attributes of Living Organisms 13
Chemical and Physical Bases of Life 15 3 Cells 28
Chapter Outline 28
Overview 29
Some Learning Goals 29
Cells 29
Eukaryotic Versus Prokaryotic Cells 32
Cell Structure and Communication 32
Cellular Components 35
Cellular Reproduction 44
Awareness: Microscapes 46
Higher Plant Cells Versus Animal Cells 50 4 Tissues 53
Chapter Outline 53
Overview 54
Some Learning Goals 54
Meristematic Tissues 54
Tissues Produced by Meristems 55 5 Roots and Soils 65
Chapter Outline 65
Overview 66
Some Learning Goals 66
How Roots Develop 66
Root Structure 67
Specialized Roots 72
Mycorrhizae 75
Root Nodules 76
Human Relevance of Roots 78
Soils 78
Awareness: Metal-Munching Plants 82 6 Stems 86
Chapter Outline 86
Overview 87
Some Learning Goals 87
External Form of A Woody Twig 87
Origin and Development of Stems 88
Awareness: Standing in Fields of Stone 89
Tissue Patterns in Stems 90
Specialized Stems 100
Wood and Its Uses 104 7 Leaves 109
Chapter Outline 109
Overview 110
Some Learning Goals 110
Leaf Arrangements and Types 111
Internal Structure of Leaves 112
Stomata 113
Mesophyll and Veins 115
Specialized Leaves 116
Autumnal Changes in Leaf Color 125
Abscission 125
Human and Ecological Relevance of Leaves 126
Awareness: Glass Cuts from Grass? 127 8 Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds 130
Chapter Outline 130
Overview 131
Some Learning Goals 131
Differences Between Dicots and Monocots 132
Structure of Flowers 132
Fruits 134
Fruit and Seed Dispersal 143
Seeds 147
Awareness: The Seed That Slept for 1,200 Years 150 9 Water in Plants 154
Chapter Outline 154
Overview 155
Some Learning Goals 155
Molecular Movement 156
Water and Its Movement Through the Plant 159
Regulation of Transpiration 162
Transport of Food Substances (Organic Solutes) in Solution 164
Mineral Requirements For Growth 166 10 Plant Metabolism 170
Chapter Outline 170
Overview 171
Some Learning Goals 171
Enzymes and Energy Transfer 171
Photosynthesis 172
Awareness: Photosynthesis and Pizza 182
Respiration 186
Additional Metabolic Pathways 191
Assimilation and Digestion 192
Awareness: Greenhouse Gases and Plant Growth 193 11 Growth 197
Chapter Outline 197
Overview 198
Some Learning Goals 198
Nutrients, Vitamins, and Hormones 198
Hormonal Interactions 205
Other Hormonal Interactions 206
Plant Movements 206
Photoperiodism 214
Phytochromes and Cryptochromes 215
A Flowering Hormone? 216
Temperature and Growth 217
Dormancy and Quiescence 217 12 Meiosis and Alternation of Generations 221
Chapter Outline 221
Overview 222
Some Learning Goals 222
The Phases of Meiosis 223
Alternation of Generations 226 13 Genetics 230
Chapter Outline 230
Overview 231
Some Learning Goals 231
Molecular Genetics 232
Awareness: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 235
Cytogenetics 239
Mendelian Genetics 241
Quantitative Traits 248
Extranuclear DNA 248
Linkage and Mapping 248
The Hardy-Weinberg Law 249 14 Plant Breeding and Propagation 253
Chapter Outline 253
Overview 254
Some Learning Goals 254
Crop Plant Evolution 254
Plant Breeding 256
Plant Propagation 264 15 Evolution 273
Chapter Outline 273
Overview 274
Some Learning Goals 274
A Brief Overview of the Early Development of Evolutionary Concepts 274
Charles Darwin 275
Evidence for Evolution 276
Microevolution--Evolution Within Species 277
Rates of Evolution 279
Macroevolution—How Species Evolve 279
The Role of Hybridization in Evolution 281
Discussion 283 16 Plant Names and Classification 286
Chapter Outline 286
Overview 287
Some Learning Goals 287
Development of the Binomial System of Nomenclature 287
Development of the Kingdom Concept 290
Classification of Major Groups 290
A Key to Major Groups of Organisms (Exclusive of Kingdom Animalia) 294
Cladistics 296 17 Kingdom Bacteria, Kingdom Archaea, and Viruses 299
Chapter Outline 299
Overview 300
Some Learning Goals 300
Features of Kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea 301
Kingdom Bacteria—The True Bacteria 304
Human Relevance of the Unpigmented, Purple, and Green Sulfur Bacteria 304
Class Cyanobacteriae—The Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Bacteria) 310
Class Prochlorobacteriae—The Prochlorobacteria 314
Kingdom Archaea—The Archaebacteria 315
Viruses 317
Awareness: Plant Viruses 318
Viroids and Prions 321 18 Kingdom Protista 325
Chapter Outline 325
Overview 326
Some Learning Goals 326
Features of Kingdom Protista 326
Algae 327
Phylum Chlorophyta—The Green Algae 327
Phylum Chromophyta—The Yellow-Green Algae, Golden-Brown Algae, Diatoms, and Brown Algae 334
Phylum Rhodophyta—The Red Algae 338
Phylum Euglenophyta—The Euglenoids 341
Phylum Dinophyta—The Dinoflagellates 342
Phylum Cryptophyta—The Cryptomonads 343
Phylum Prymnesiophyta (Haptophyta)—The Haptophytes 343
Phylum Charophyta—The Stoneworts 344
Human and Ecological Relevance of the Algae 344
Other Members of Kingdom Protista 348
Phylum Myxomycota—The Plasmodial Slime Molds 348
Phylum Dictyosteliomycota—The Cellular Slime Molds 350
Phylum Oomycota—The Water Molds 350 19 Kingdom Fungi 355
Chapter Outline 355
Overview 356
Some Learning Goals 356
Distinctions Between Kingdoms Protista and Fungi 356
Kingdom Fungi—The True Fungi 357
Lichens 375 20 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom: Bryophytes 381
Chapter Outline 381
Overview 382
Some Learning Goals 382
Introduction to the Bryophytes 382
Phylum Hepaticophyta—Liverworts 385
Phylum Anthocerophyta—Hornworts 388
Phylum Bryophyta—Mosses 389
Awareness: Hibernating Mosses 392
Human and Ecological Relevance of Bryophytes 393 21 The Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns and Their Relatives 396
Chapter Outline 396
Overview 397
Some Learning Goals 397
Phylum Psilotophyta—The Whisk Ferns 397
Phylum Lycophyta—The Ground Pines, Spike Mosses, and Quillworts 398
Phylum Equisetophyta—The Horsetails and Scouring Rushes 405
Phylum Polypodiophyta—The Ferns 410
Fossils 417 22 Introduction to Seed Plants: Gymnosperms 421
Chapter Outline 421
Overview 422
Some Learning Goals 422
Phylum Pinophyta—The Conifers 423
Other Gymnosperms 428
Human Relevance of Gymnosperms 432
Awareness: A Living Fossil? 437 23 Seed Plants: Angiosperms 441
Chapter Outline 441
Overview 442
Some Learning Goals 442
Phylum Magnoliophyta—The Flowering Plants 443
Pollination Ecology 450
Herbaria and Plant Preservation 453 24 Flowering Plants and Civilization 461
Chapter Outline 461
Overview 462
Some Learning Goals 462
Origin of Cultivated Plants 462
Selected Families of Flowering Plants 464
Dicots 465
Monocots 480
Awareness: Coffee and Caffeine 482 25 Ecology 487
Chapter Outline 487
Overview 488
Some Learning Goals 488
Regional Issues 488
Global Matters 490
Natural Cycles 494
Succession 498
Global Warming 502
Awareness: John Muir, Father of America's National Park System 503
Loss of Biodiversity 504 26 Biomes 508
Chapter Outline 508
Overview 509
Learning Goal 509
Major Biomes of North America 509
Summary 517
Review Questions 517
Discussion Questions 517
Learning Online 517
Additional Reading 517 Appendix 1 Scientific Names of Organisms Mentioned in the Text 519 Appendix 2 Biological Controls 542 Appendix 3 Useful and Poisonous Plants, Fungi, and Algae 549 Appendix 4 House Plants and Home Gardening 577 Appendix 5 Metric Equivalents and Conversion Tables 595 Glossary 598 Index 611 |
2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education