1. The Presence of Others

2. Crowding: The Presence of Many Others

3. Why Are We Aroused in the Presence of Others?

1. Evaluation Apprehension
2. Driven by Distraction
3. Mere Presence

1. Many Hands Make Light Work
2. Social Loafing in Everyday Life

1. Doing Together What We Would Not Do Alone

1. Group Size
2. Physical Anonymity
3. Arousing and Distracting Activities

2. Diminished Self-Awareness

1. The Case of the “Risky Shift”

2. Do Groups Intensify Opinions?

1. Group Polarization Experiments
2. Naturally Occurring Group Polarization

3. Explaining Polarization

1. Informational Influence
2. Normative Influence

1. Symptoms of Groupthink
2. Critiquing Groupthink
3. Preventing Groupthink
4. Group Problem-Solving

1. Consistency
2. Self-Confidence
3. Defections from the Majority
4. Is Leadership Minority Influence?