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Chapter 3: Microscopy and Cell Structure
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1
If your microscope has a 10X ocular lens and you are using the 100X objective lens, what is the total magnification?
A)10.
B)100.
C)110.
D)1000.
E)cannot be determined.
2
The ability of a microscope to determine two closely related objects as being separate objects is referred to as
A)magnification.
B)resolution.
C)contrast.
D)refraction.
E)clarification.
3
Which of the following types of microscopes is used to construct a three-dimensional image of a thick structure such as a living cell?
A)phase-contrast.
B)fluorescent.
C)confocal.
D)transmission electron microscope.
E)scanning electron microscope.
4
All of the following are true regarding Gram-staining EXCEPT:
A)It separates bacteria into two major groups, Gram-negative and Gram-positive.
B)Bacteria stain differently based on differences in their cell wall composition.
C)The primary stain will stain both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria purple.
D)After performing the gram stain procedure, Gram-positive bacteria will appear purple and Gram-negative bacteria will appear red.
E)All of the above are true of the Gram stain procedure.
5
Mycobacterium is difficult to stain because of its waxy outer coating. Which of the following stains is used to stain these microbes?
A)Gram stain.
B)acid-fast stain.
C)counterstain.
D)endospore stain.
E)simple stain.
6
You are given a prepared slide and are told that it is a streptobacillus. Without even looking at the slide under the microscope, you know which of the following? 1. The bacteria are linked together in chains. 2. The bacteria are spherical in shape. 3. The bacteria are in grape-like clusters. 4. The bacteria are rod-shaped. 5. The bacteria are Gram-negative.
A)1,2.
B)1,4.
C)2,3.
D)2,4.
E)1,4,5.
7
All of the following are true of prokaryote structure EXCEPT:
A)Most possess a cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
B)They possess a single chromosome inside a nucleus.
C)Some possess flagella for motility.
D)Free ribosomes are used for protein synthesis.
E)All possess a plasma membrane to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cells.
8
All of the following are true of the cell membrane of prokaryotes EXCEPT:
A)Phospholipid molecules are arranged with the hydrophobic tails facing each other in the middle of the membrane.
B)The hydrophilic head portion of the phospholipid bilayer faces the outside of the cell and the cytoplasm of the cell.
C)The proteins are freely movable within the membrane.
D)The membrane is impermeable, that is, it prevents substances from entering or leaving the cell.
E)All the above are true.
9
The process in which water moves through a selectively permeable membrane in the direction of higher solute concentration is called
A)diffusion.
B)facilitated diffusion.
C)osmosis.
D)active transport.
E)filtration.
10
Which of the following would occur if a prokaryotic cell is placed in a solution that has a higher concentration of nondiffusable solute than the cytoplasm of the cell?
A)Water would move into the cell, pushing the cell membrane against the cell wall.
B)Water would be pulled out of the cell causing the cell membrane to be pulled away from the cell wall.
C)Water moving out will equal the water moving in and no change in the cell would occur.
D)Channels would open and the solute would equalize in concentration on both sides of the membrane.
E)Both water and solute will move until equilibrium is reached.
11
Transport processes that require the input of energy by the cell and transport substances against a concentration gradient are called
A)active transport.
B)facilitated diffusion.
C)diffusion.
D)transporters.
E)passive transport.
12
Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of Gram-positive cell walls? 1. thick layer of peptidoglycan 2. teichoic acid 3. has an outer membrane outside of the peptidoglycan 4. lipid A
A)1.
B)1,2.
C)1,2,3.
D)2,3.
E)1,2,3,4.
13
All of the following are true with regard to the outer membrane of bacteria EXCEPT:
A)The outside leaflet is composed of lipopolysaccharides.
B)It contains porins that allow passage of molecules and ions directly into the cytoplasm.
C)It acts as a protective barrier by excluding many toxic compounds.
D)It is found in Gram-negative bacteria, not Gram-positive.
E)All the above are true regarding the outer membrane.
14
A lipopolysaccharide molecule that is released from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria when they die and causes the symptoms of the bacterial infection is called a(n)____________________.
A)porin.
B)endotoxin.
C)exotoxin.
D)plasmid.
E)peptidoglycan.
15
What action does penicillin have that makes it effective in treating many types of bacterial infections?
A)It interferes with DNA transcription.
B)It interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis.
C)It breaks down the cell wall.
D)It blocks the electron transport system.
E)It directly damages the plasma membrane.
16
Which of the following structures do bacteria use for attachment to surfaces or to each other?
1. capsule
2. sheaths
3. flagella
4. pili
5. fimbria
A)1,2.
B)1,2,4.
C)1,2,3,4.
D)1,2,4,5.
E)all the above.
17
The movement of bacteria in response to chemicals in their environment is called
A)chemotaxis.
B)phototaxis.
C)chemokinesis.
D)aerotaxis.
E)chemomobility.
18
The chromosome of prokaryotes is located in which of the following regions?
A)the nucleus.
B)the nucleoid.
C)the plasmid.
D)the periplasmic space.
E)the capsule.
19
All of the following are true regarding plasmids EXCEPT:
A)They are extrachromosomal pieces of DNA.
B)A single cell can carry only one type of plasmid.
C)The cell ordinarily does not require the plasmid for survival.
D)In some instances the plasmid may be advantageous to the cell.
E)Plasmids can be transferred to other bacteria.
20
A resistant, dormant structure that can survive adverse conditions and germinate when conditions become favorable is called a(n):
A)endospore.
B)sporangium.
C)vegetative cell.
D)plasmid.
E)porin.
21
An environmental toxin that alters the role of the cytoskeleton is least likely to harm the following organism.
A)Bacteria.
B)Protozoa.
C)Fungi.
D)Humans.
E)Worms.
22
Mitochondria and bacteria are chemically very similar. One sure way of telling the difference between the two is by analyzing differences in the following.
A)Cell membrane.
B)Ribosomes.
C)Nucleus.
D)DNA.
E)None of the above.
23
Chemicals that deplete ATP in a cell are most likely to affect which of the following cell transport systems?
A)Active transport.
B)Passive transport.
C)Facilitated diffusion.
D)Diffusion.
E)Osmosis.
24
A microbiologist wants a simple way to attract and collect bacteria that grow only in the absence of oxygen. She is best served by using the following substance or item to attract the bacteria from a soil in the field:
A)Oxygen.
B)Light.
C)Glucose
D)A magnet.
E)None of the above would be effective.
25
Many bacterial throat infections are aggravated by the fact that the bacteria can attach to throat cells. Drugs can be developed that reduce the ability of bacteria to stick to surfaces. Which of the following structures would most likely be affected by these drugs?
A)Storage granules.
B)Plasmid.
C)Cell membrane.
D)Flagella.
E)Fimbriae.





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